Expenditures and Revenues Summary: Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office Essay

The Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office, a statutory government agency, is responsible for providing services to three mandated programs in Palm Beach County, Florida (PBSO.org, 2013). Those programs are Law Enforcement, Corrections Services throughout Palm Beach County’s jails, and finally Bailiff and Court staff. Palm Beach Sheriff’s office is required to respond to law enforcement calls throughout the county and all unincorporated areas of Palm Beach County. Palm Beach Sheriff’s office is also responsible for providing services to certain municipalities throughout Palm Beach County, if a contract exists between the municipality and the Sheriff’s office. The municipality must come to a fee agreement with the Palm Beach Sheriff’s office before a contract is established. The following will elaborate on the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office revenue and expenditures and the impact of the expenditures on the revenue source. The following will also elaborate on who the key players are in terms of making budget decisions and whether or not there is any influence of political and public policies on the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office. Finally, recommended organizational financial analysis alternatives for the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office will be researched. The Impact of the Expenditures on the Revenue Source Palm Beach County is located in South Florida and is the largest county in square mileage in Florida at 2,268 square miles. Palm Beach County is Florida’s third largest populated county with just under 1.4 million residents (PBSO.org, 2014).The Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office maintains 3,949 allocations throughout Palm Beach County and boasts 1,333 sworn law enforcement officers, 7,757 civilian support staff, 689 sworn Corrections officers and 170 sworn Court services and Bailiff; therefore a large portion of the Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office budget is allocated to programs. Personal services, according to the Sheriff’s Office (2014) means this part of the budget is considered to pay employee wages and benefits. This program is divided in to thee parts, Law Enforcement, Corrections and Court Services  and Bailiff, which in turns means three different expenditures. A total of $510,102,878.00 for the Sheriff’s was requested for the 2014 fiscal year in order to support the three programs. This amount is an increase of about 5.8% from the 2013 fiscal year (PBSO.org, 2014). The Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office is funded through various revenues generated from Law Enforcement services, ad-valorem taxes and utility taxes. The Sheriff’s Office collects 15% of all revenues collected through adult entertainment and revenue is also received by the State of Florida for Crime Laboratory Operations. Funds are established by the Florida Crime Laboratory Council. Safety services also generate revenue for the Sheriff’s Office. The charges and fees are ultimately determined by the Statute and fee schedule approved by the Sheriff. These contracts include airport security, Private and Governmental Off-Duty permits and other law enforcement contract. The Safety Service fees make up a large portion of the Sheriff’s revenues (PBSO. org, 2014). Other revenues include fines and forfeitures, commission on coin telephones used by the county’s inmates, taxes levied on assessed properties in Palm Beach County and utility tax. According to Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office (2014), each program is divided in to three expenditures. Those expenditures are Law Enforcement, Corrections and Court Services and Bailiff. Each of the three program categories is broken down even further. Those parts are listed as Personal Services, Operating and Capital Outlay. Each variable requires funds in order to operate; for example, the Law Enforcement Program was budgeted for a total budget of $347,035,274.00 out of the $510,102,878.00. As stated this program is further broken down in to three variables, Personal Services, Operating and Capital Outlay. A total of $276,397,453.00 is budgeted for personal services. $60,185,099 is budgeted for Operating and $10,452,722.00 is budgeted for Capital Outlay. This brings the total to $347,035,274.00 dollars budgeted for the Law Enforcement Program. This total is about 60% of the total budget for 2014. It is important to understand that 81% of the operating budget consists of wages, overtime and employee benefits. These are items which are set through collective bargaining, policy, contracts and also receive protection under to Career Service Bill (PBSO.org, 2014). Key  Players Involved in Deciding on a Budget Because the Sheriff’s Office is large and requires time to create a reasonable budget, the budgeting process begins in December of the preceding year (PBSO.org, 2014). In January, the Palm Beach Sheriff discusses the philosophy for the approaching fiscal year. The Sheriff’s Office had an established budget staff which provides an overview of the budget process and provides details regarding the upcoming budget preparation and procedures. Executives and Senior Staff conduct a series of internal reviews before the proposed budget is presented the Sheriff. The Sheriff then reviews the proposed budget and either accepts or denies the budget. Once the Sheriff approves the budget a signed copy is sent to the Palm Beach County Board of County Commissioner by May 1. The Palm Beach County Board of County Commissioners Office of Finance Management and Budget would then schedule a number of workshops for the County’s proposed budget. It is during these workshops that modifications to the Sheriff’s budget can be presented. Budgets may be modified based on the receipt of grant funds, donations or other sources outside of the Sheriff’s adopted budget. In September, there are two public hearing scheduled during which the final budget is adopted. The budget must be adopted for October 1, the start of the new fiscal year. The Influence of Politics and Public Policies on the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office The Palm Beach County Board of County Commissioners Office of Finance Management and Budget is a governmental organization which oversees the Sheriff’s proposed budget on a yearly basis. The Constitutional Officers who oversee the budget include Clerk and Comptroller Office, Tax Collector and Property Appraiser (Palm Beach County, 2014). All three entities are those of local government. These three organizations are responsible for reviewing not only the Sheriff’s budget, but all other budgets relating to cities in Palm Beach County who provide public assistance. Politics can play a huge role when considering a budget proposal. In this case, these three entities know what funding is available as they are responsible for collecting different revenues. If the money is not available to fund the entire budget request, then cuts will be made to the budget; furthermore, because budgets are able to be accessed by  the public, is important to ensure that all decisions regarding the budget are ethical decisions. Financial Analysis Alternatives In the event that there is a loss of revenue source, there are many other options the Sheriff’s Office can explore in order to obtain funding. The Sheriff’s Office, like any other police department, has many departments which are responsible for investigating certain crimes; for example, the Sheriff’s Office created a department specifically for tracking online sexual predators. The United States Department of Justice provides funding to the Sheriff’s Office for strategically targeting online predators. The Sheriff’s office would be able to continue funding this department and maintaining its multidisciplinary team to assist in the development and implementation of the strategy. The COPS hiring Program (CHP) is dedicated to enhancing community policing by addressing the needs of a state, local or tribal law enforcement agency. The COPS Hiring Program (CHP) provides funding so that law enforcement agencies are able to hire new or career law enforcement officers. Employing more officers would increase crime prevention efforts in a given district (U.S. Department of Justice, 2014). The COPS Hiring Program (CHP) will provide up to 75% of any approved entry-level salary and fringe benefits. The officers must be hired as full-time officers for the length of grant period, which is 36 months. A minimum of 25% of the officer’s salary must be matched by the hiring agency and a maximum federal share of $125,000 per officer. Under the COPS Hiring Program, the agency is only able to hire up to 5% of the agency’s sworn police officers (U.S Department of Justice, 2014). According to the Sheriff’s Office (2014), there are two other sources of alternative funding. Alternative funding can be obtained through forfeiture funds which are obtained from cases which assets and cash are seized and eventually released to the law enforcement agency. Forfeiture funds may come from state and federal governments and ought to be used to purchase equipment which was unable to be funded. Secondly, alternative funds may come from the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office grant program. This program  generates millions of dollars annually. In the past, grant funding has enabled the Sheriff’s Office to purchase patrol boats; additionally, the grant funding, the Sheriff’s Office has also purchased 245 square miles of waterway in Palm Beach County and 45 miles of shoreline (PBSO.org, 2014). Conclusion In conclusion, The Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office is large law enforcement agency within Palm Beach County which provides law enforcement, corrections and court services to Palm Beach County. The Sheriff’s office is also contracted by a number of cities within Palm Beach County to perform law enforcement duties within that area. Drafting a budget proposal can be challenging and difficult for such a large organization. Upon completing this research, one can easily see the much thought and preparation is needed to complete a budget which will allow the Sheriff’s Office to continuously provide services to those within the jurisdictions. The preceding elaborated on the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office revenue and expenditures and the impact of the expenditures on the revenue source. The preceding also elaborated on who the key players are in terms of making budget decisions and whether or not there is any influence of political and public policies on the Palm Beach Sh eriff’s Office. Finally, the organizational financial analysis alternatives for the Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office were discussed. References Palm Beach County (2014). Preparing for Budgets. Retrieved from website http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?Item=2367 PBSO.org, (2014). Palm Beach Sheriff’s Office Budget. Retrieved from website http://pbso.org/index.cfm?fa=budget U.S. Department of Justice (2014). COPS Hiring Program. Retrieved from website http://www.pbcgov.com/ofmb/budget/

Broadening Your Prospective Essay

1. Compute the activity-based overhead rate for each activity cost pool. Activity-based overhead is determined by dividing estimated overhead by the estimated cost drivers. Activity cost Pool Estimated Overhead /Cost drivers=ACB Overhead Rate Market analysis 1,050,00015,000$70 Product Design2,350,0002,500$940 Product development3,600,00090$40,000 Prototype testing1,400,000500$2,800 2. How much cost would be charged to an in-house manufacturing department that consumed 1,800 hours of market analysis time, was provided 280 designs relating to 10 products, and requested 92 engineering tests? The total charged to an in-house manufacturing department would be $1,046,800. This dollar amount is determined by multiplying the overhead rates of each activity to the amount consumed for that activity and added together for a total. (1,800*70= 126,000), (280*940=263,200) (10*40,000=400,000), (2,800*92=257,600) 3. How much cost would serve as the basis for pricing an R&D bid with an outside company on a contract that would consume 800 hours of analysis time, require 178 designs relating to 3 products, and result in 70 engineering tests? $539,320 would serve as the basis for pricing an R&D bid with an outside company because that dollar amount is the breakeven point. (800*70=56,000), (178*940=167,320), (3*40,000= 120,000), (70*2,800=196,000) 4. What is the benefit to Ideal Manufacturing of applying activity-based costing to its R&D activity for both in-house and outside charging purposes? The benefit to Ideal Manufacturing of applying activity-based costing to its R&D activity for both in-house and outside charging purposes is it will allow the company to gain control of the operating costs of the department. Activity-based costing allows a company to appropriately assign overhead head cost. For example, Ideal manufacturing activities fell into four pools and activity-based costing helped the company to properly allocate its overhead dollars. Under using or over using overhead dollars means the company has to supplement those funds from or to another activity which is a waste to the company. The basis of activity-based costing is to assign cost only to those activities of a product that is actually using the activity in essences cutting costs. This is not only a benefit to Ideal Manufacturing but to any company that is looking to become more efficient and effective.

Esr Class Presentation †Week V

ESR Class Presentation – Week V ( September 12& 13 2011) 1. Cases for Discussion (David J. Fritzsche): * It’s Your Turn (page 109) * Kader Industrial (Thailand) Company- Case 10 (page 182) * Muebles Fino Buenos- Case 11 (page 184) 2. â€Å"It’s Your Turn† – Please answer the question in the last line using the following ethical frameworks: (a) Categorical Imperative; (b) Rule Utilitarian; (c) Veil of Ignorance; and (d) Act Utilitarianism. * Categorical Imperative: If you have a contract with another party, fulfill this contract. No matter what.Especially if the other party is counting on you, because they should go bankrupt. Humanity: Fulfill your contract, moral duty. * Rule Utilitarianism: Follow through with your contract. Don’t abandon people/companies with who you have agreed to help/work with. * Veil of Ignorance: You have limited amount of resources, so you have to make the choice for one of the 2 clients. Keep producing for the old cl ient, but use the rest of your capacity to start producing for the new big one. What if The domestic customer only signs the contract if you can produce everything in the first month. hose for domestic one, 2 happy vs. 1 bad * Act Utilitarianism: More positives vs. best negatives. Ok you make one party really unhappy, but still this is the most good for the most peoples. 3. Case 10: Only Questions 4, 5, 7 & 8. * 4: Lock the doors, no safety regulations or fire escapes. Cloth close to electrical transformer. No alarms. If you lock doors, make sure that you can open them really fast at all times. Building disintegrated quickly (poor construction, steel beams) * 7: Business aimed, only profit matters†¦. Don’t look at the people as humans, but use them as machines.They even asked their workers to keep working while there was a small fire. Maybe even hostile, locking doors etc. * 5: Legal: Board, managers†¦ should have safety regulations. Government, Safety and health or ganization in Thailand (from government). Moral: * 8: Only sign contract if you know that the working conditions are ok, that there are safety regulations etc. company should at least follow the country regulations for safety codes, building rules etc. , if you ask more of the company, they won’t be able to give you the cheap labor. ut point in the middle Class†¦ where would you put the line, what are the moral/social obligations for the customers before signing any contracts? 4. Case 11: Only Questions 3, 4, 6, and 7. * 3: They didn’t follow all the environmental rules of the state. Unhealthy for the employees to work there. Just switching countries because they didn’t want to invest in the machines/other processing methods and to evade the fines. So fire a lot of people to get new employees at 1/8 of the costs. Is this even outsourcing? Or really moving your whole company somewhere else. * 4: Pollution vs. working conditions.A lot of pollution vs. good pa id jobs. As long as there are good safety regulations and compensations for health. * 6: Egoism view: YES 😉 because you make more profits and you don’t care about the pollution. But†¦ you pay your employees less than in California, so you can invest a bit more in environmental issues. Deontology (don’t do to anybody else what you don’t want them to do to you): Stay in America and fix your pollution problems, because you don’t want to get fined and you don’t want your employees to get ill. * 7: Make sure they follow the standards and make sure that you have quit high environmental standards.But a lot of corruption in Mexico so make sure the companies follow your standards by controlling them yourself. Because a lot of American companies will go to Mexico (because of rising environmental standards in US) build some parks and green zones to help the people who live there to be able to live healthy, outside all the pollution. 5. Assume tha t stung by charges re the happenings of Foxcon in China, Apple Inc. has asked you to draft a memo on the subject of an ISO standard to be applied to high-tech contract manufacturers of high-end electronic items.Restrict yourself to 6 standards and explain your choice. 6. The Medical Council of Singapore has asked you to draft 3 ethics principles relating to the outsourcing of medical work to India. Please identify what, in your opinion, are the three most important principles and explain the purpose behind your choice and the specific content of such principles. Firms Find a Haven From U. S. Environmental Rules : Commerce: Hundreds of companies set up shop in Mexico, where regulation is less strict and wages are low. THE FREE-TRADE DILEMMA: The environmental costs of a U. S. Mexico pact. Third in a four-part series. Next: How will free trade affect El Paso's smoggy skies? November 19, 1991|JUDY PASTERNAK  |  TIMES STAFF WRITER â€Å"We are rewriting history here. It was only re cently that anyone here started to care about the environment. It will take time. † The backlog troubles EPA officials who deal regularly with SEDUE. Said one, who spoke on the condition of anonymity: â€Å"This is a situation where the economic activity has gotten way ahead of the regulatory activity. † * http://articles. latimes. com/1991-11-19/news/mn-70_1_environmental-rules/4

Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biography - Essay Example Incredibly powerful and talented women have either isolated themselves in lonely closets or succumbed to drug addiction, and even committed suicide because they feared both societal and familial rejection. From a historical perspective, the pressure women faced in the past is understood. However, even today, women in the upper echelons of society still have to choose between silence and success. However, Perko decided to speak out about the rights of people due to the fact that she witnessed others being mistreated. Some people are settled in the United States; however some do not receive the same education and treatment as white students due to the fact that they are viewed as a minority race. Furthermore, because of their lack culture acknowledgement from teachers, sometimes American students require educational intervention, which is actually lacking knowledge in their culture even though they have settled in the United States for hundreds of years. From there, this is why she recorded some people were very proud when they had a chance of education. It is apparent that family structure is highly important to children's behavior due to the fact it does affect all levels of educational performance, which includes preschool to college. Furthermore, family has a big influence on a child behavior.

Design of one Operation Unit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Design of one Operation Unit - Essay Example The technology currently accounts for more than 20% of air separations. In cryogenic distillation applied in this design, air is liquefied, and then fractionally distilled, separating the air into its constituents primarily nitrogen, oxygen and argon. This is a complex process that is the most common and efficient method of large scale oxygen production. It is also the most efficient method of storing oxygen. Liquid oxygen storage is six to eight times more efficient than high pressure cylinders. The complexities and cool down requirements highly favour continuously operating production plants; this is not usually the mode of operation for field medical facilities. Liquid oxygen can be stored, but there is a loss rate that is dependent on the size of the container, the amount of liquid oxygen in the container, and the ambient temperature. Liquid oxygen cannot be stored for long term use. It is a simple matter to safely fill high pressure oxygen cylinders using liquid oxygen. Cryogeni c air separation is currently the most efficient and cost-effective technology for producing large quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon as gaseous or liquid products. An air separation unit using a conventional, multi-column cryogenic distillation process produces oxygen from compressed air at high recoveries and purities. Cryogenic technology can also produce high-purity nitrogen as a useful by product stream at relatively low incremental cost. In addition, liquid argon, liquid oxygen, and liquid nitrogen can be added to the product slate for stored product backup or byproduct sales at low incremental capital and power costs. Capacity and product specification The designed system comprises of 3 columns with a length of 1 meter each. Its ID is 3cm. The system is equipped with an automated control system for regulation of each cycle’s time to monitor and record rate of flow, system pressure, and temperatures of the columns. The designed system can be applied to an extensi ve range of absorbents and pressures in facilitating the adsorption process. The targeted optimal rate of flow of oxygen to be produce by the system is 80 lit/min. design specifications are illustrated in the tables below, Capacity table: Theoretical Model Fix layer and dynamic regime adsorption is often characterized by continuous fluid flow phase going via an adsorbent layer within a time variable process (Nexant Inc., 2010). This is theoretically represented in the diagram below: At the process start, free adsorbent layer volume is considered as filled up with a given component A which cannot be absorbed and further, the solid is â€Å"clean†, and does not have any absorbing component B. Other assumptions made are that the gas is ideal; the absorbent layer has constant temperature, the section has constant speed, and that there is an insignificant pressure drop in the layer. This process is represented in a mathematical model which incorporates multiple equations referring to adsorbed component in volume element of height, fluid phase, and solid and the balance equation. These equations are illustrated hereafter, Product stands for mass transfer coefficient per absorbent layer’s unit volume. The first two equations can be simplified using a modified time variable as follows, The equations can be solved simoultaneously with knowledge of limit conditions: At the start, adsorbed component concentration is zero at any point in the adsorption

Write 1000 word professional speech on (Saddam Hussain last minute Essay

Write 1000 word professional speech on (Saddam Hussain last minute speech to his people before executed, regretting what bad he did to them ,Kuwait, Iran and - Essay Example These assumptions seem more real. The language is kept simple. It is assumed that he speaks in Arabic, as he speaks to his countrymen. For our understanding, we may assume that it has been translated into English subsequently. The scenario is imaginary, and Saddam is shown as repenting for many of the atrocities that he has committed. An attempt is made to keep things realistic. So although he asks forgiveness from his countrymen, he is critical of the US and Western leaders, though not of Western people. Faced by death, even hardened people are known to relent. So Hussein's volte face under the circumstances need not be considered unusual. Although the speech itself is 'imaginary', and highly unlikely, it retains an aura of probability by referring to actual events in his life. I speak to you here, in the final hours of my life. I have been allowed to leave behind this message for you, which I believe that my brothers, Faisal and Hassan here, will safely deliver to you. I am not afraid. I am glad be able to leave now, as I know I leave because it is the will of Allah. I forgive all those who have harmed me; I know I have harmed many too. I hope you will forgive me for that. I have made several mistakes in my life, and if I had a chance to live it over again, I would not do the same. I now understand that violence does not lead anywhere. ... united against the American initial insidious attempts, and later on, more blatant ones to exploit us, to siphon away our wealth in the form of oil, we would not be where we are today. I regret that the Ba'athist Party murdered King Feisal in the way it did. Or that I helped out the CIA in the plot to murder Abdul Karim, the Prime Minister. We could have settled our internal struggles in a cordial manner. This was like inviting a tiger to enter our home to settle disputes between brother and brother. I was too involved in public activities, and did not give enough attention to my family. I accept full responsibility for the way my sons, Uday and Qusay ran wild, and terrorized all of you. I am also sorry that my sons-in-law, Hussain and Saddam Kamel met their death at my hands. I destroyed them, and my daughters' lives. I should have settled differences with the Ayatollah in Iran firmly but tactfully. Our countries have spent years in warfare, wasting our resources, and killing our young men, and even civilians. I have wronged my fellow men by using chemical weapons against them. I beg of Allah to forgive me-these deeds of mine. Allah is merciful! So many of my Kurd brethren have been killed; so many of my Kurd sisters are widowed because of me; so many have been orphaned at my behest. Please forgive me for this. The long war with Kuwait could have been avoided. Yes, they did not help us when we asked for help. But our need for help itself arose only because Ayatollah Khomeini and I had spent fruitless years in warfare, destroying our countries economically. I believe today that people of different faiths can and must live peacefully together. For this, we need unity among Muslim brethren. To start this, first let us have peace between the Shias and us. You are

Report profiling a service organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Report profiling a service organisation - Essay Example At the end of the paper, further recommendations have been provided, which may further contribute to the hotel chain’s success and growth. Hotels have been considered to be one of the main players in the tourism and hospitality industry. The hotel sector has also been considered to have been able to provide millions of jobs for people all over the world. However, what with the many hotel companies all over the world today, there is a need for the implementation of proper management strategies to make sure that hotels are able to continuously serve their guests, as well as keep their employees. The writer has decided to focus on the management strategies of the Hilton Hotels group, which originated in the United States and has remained to be one of the top hotel and resorts chain in the world. It was in the year 1919, when a certain Conrad Hilton bought his first hotel which was called The Mobley, located in Cisco, Texas. Fast forward to six years later, and Hilton managed to build his first hotel in Dallas which he named ‘The Hilton.’ This was the beginning of a long history of chain of hotels across the country and the company managed to build hotels overseas as well. The Hilton Group now comprises around 500 hotel chains all over the world, with 60,000 employees in around 50 countries. The entire group id divided into four global regions. These are namely, Europe, the UK and Ireland, the Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific and South America. In the USA, it is the Hilton Hotel Corporation (or HCC) that is in charge of the country’s operations (Maxwell & Lyle, 2002). Guests pay the hotel to be pampered and the hotel must ensure that the guests get their money’s worth, and more. If the guest is able to have a good experience and is satisfied with the hotel’s service, then the hotel can be assured that the guest would return to stay again at their hotel (Stoller, 2006). Hilton’s service has been declining for the past couple of years, and

Evolution of Management Accounting discipline and it's relationship Essay

Evolution of Management Accounting discipline and it's relationship with other functions in organisations - Essay Example For example, business organisations are now more concerned with maximising the stakeholders’ value instead of profit maximisation. Besides, they have recognized their responsibilities towards society, community, corporate and environment. Now, they aim to develop their organisational structure and strategies that strive to meet these responsibilities. In this respect, different aspects of management accounting play very crucial role. It is one of the primary areas that help to meet objectives of corporate governance and strategic formulation process. This paper will attempt to present critical analysis of management accounting by pointing out its important aspects. At first, the evolution of management accounting will be analysed by figuring out its influencing factors. It will also discuss the historical background of the present management accounting system. ... This section will try to develop certain recommendations for bringing further development in modern management accounting. In order to support the critical analysis and discussions, proper evidences will be provided. Finally, the entire discussion, analysis and major outcomes will be summed up in conclusion. Evolution of Management Accounting Before presenting the evolution and historical development of managerial accounting, it is necessary to understand the term ‘management accounting’ because this term includes two major concepts of business organisational activities. Robert S, Kaplan identified two major areas of management accounting and these are cost accounting and management control (Kaplan, 1984). These two areas are very vital for organisational success. Management accounting process is helpful in executing cost accounting and management controlling activities. R. N. Anthony defined that â€Å"management accounting is concerned with accounting information that is useful to management† (Banjerjee, 2005, p.2). T. G. Rose elaborated that management accounting is meant to adopt and analyse the accounting information for better diagnosis and explanation for assisting managements in decision making process (Palanivelu, 2007, p.289). Many critics and scholar observes the cost accounting, financial accounting and management accounting as different areas of finance. However, this can be interpreted as the traditional concept of management accounting. This concept was in trend prior to 1980s before the modernisation of cost accounting and management control. Thomas Johnson traced that US corporations started to focus of management accounting during 1850-1925 as this field was very important for the growth and development

History of Cognitive Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

History of Cognitive Psychology - Essay Example The contribution of early researchers under the guidance of cognitive behaviour made it possible to verify every research. They did not design a grand scheme to guide cognitive psychology through its development. Rather, early researchers applied insights from their immediate work to make initial headway. Their accomplishments were substantial and are reflected extensively in current work. (Barsalou, Lawrence.1992, p. 341) Modern psychology is initiated with the enhanced significance in cognition, which is unsceptical, as the same approach has been shared by all the researchers hitherto, which possess a solid ground of theoretical methodology. Cognitive psychology began to explore towards the end of the nineteenth century when in 1879 the first psychology laboratory was set up by Wilhelm Wundt at Leipzig. Wundt's research was mainly concerned with perception, including some of the earliest studies of visual illusions. Among one of the major studies on visual illusions was visual processing proposed by Mishkin in 1982. (Hahn, Martin, 1999, p. 71). In 1885 Hermann Ebbinghaus published the first experimental research on memory, and many subsequent researchers were to adopt his methods over the years that followed. Perhaps the most lasting work of this early period was a remarkable book written by William James in 1890, entitled Principles of Psychology. (Groome, David, 1999, p. 5). In this book James proposed a number of theories, which still remain acceptable to modern cognitive psychologists, including a theory distinguishing between short-term working memory and long-term storage memory. Watson (1913) Watson was the first cognitive psychologist to state the behaviourist position clearly as before Watson there was little progress in cognitive psychology in the early years due to the growing influence of behaviourism. Being the first influential figure, he maintained that psychologists should consider only observable variables such as the stimulus presented to the organism and any consequent response to that stimulus. He argued that they should not concern themselves with processes that they could not observe in a scientific manner, such as thought and conscious experience. The behaviourists were essentially trying to establish psychology as a true science, comparable in status with other sciences such as physics or chemistry. This was perhaps a worthy aim, but it had unfortunate consequences for the study of psychology for the next fifty years, as it had the effect of restricting experimental psychology mainly to the recording of externally observable responses. (Groome, David, 19 99, p. 5) Indeed, some behaviourists were so enthusiastic to explore beyond human experience that they never bothered to eliminate inner mental processes from their studies, which showed their eagerness to work on rats rather than on human subjects. No doubt, what experience a human being brings to a laboratory, nothing else can bring. B.F. Skinner (1938) Skinner, continued the classic work on the behaviourist approach, by training

The Attendance to Five Art Events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 440

The Attendance to Five Art Events - Essay Example An example is the Inventing Impressionism event that was earlier this ye\r displaying various portraits with an example below.The commencement of the tour was on November 7, and 8 of 2015 with gates open from 9 in the morning and close at 5 in the evening. The visit to the small cottages and the towns tend to bring a new perspective of the local cultures of the cities and villages as well as the art and the cuisine. The best place to visit was the Bradbury Museum of Science that showcases the development stages of the atom bombs. Another important feature was the Bandelier National Monument that represents the cliff dwellings of ancient man and the Indian ruins as well as the petroglyphs. The date of the event was October 9 with the place open from 5 in the morning to 8 in the evening. The organizers were the CU Department of Fine Arts whose display was mostly the art facilities, the viewing of the BFA and the MFA students working in the studio and the discovery of new talents. The admission was free, and there was the message to encourage upcoming artists to develop more techniques and abilities. The Admission was also free, and the place had many people touring the various exhibitions. The event had the duration of four days that would commence on October 8 and end on the 11th of the same month. The locations of the event were between San Francisco and the Silicon Valley at the San Mateo center for events. The showcase was mainly a feature of the great artistic works of the 21st and the 20th centuries with a conjunction of works from other art galleries and art institutions. The work was a reflection of the high standards and the expectations of the Miami population in the display of the post-war blue-chip plus the works in the modern times. Other features in the exhibition were courtesy of emerging artists practicing new media. Below indicates a painting for the Armory show that was a particular event in the Silicon Valley.

Structured Multisensory Approach to Teaching Dyslexic Students Research Paper

Structured Multisensory Approach to Teaching Dyslexic Students - Research Paper Example However, it is unfortunate that there seems to be no known and appropriate medical interventions or alternatives that can be used to alleviate effectively the various challenges in cognitive processing which are presented in many cases of dyslexia. There is a myriad of successful approaches- with the most predominant being the structured multisensory teaching- which have been attempted and developed through a number of studies and which have shown to provide eminent solutions to this contentious dilemma.   All dyslexic students require quite a different language teaching and learning approach from the conventional ones applied in most of the classrooms. They should be taught their language’s basic elements thoroughly and slowly, putting emphasis on the letters and the sounds that represent them, as well as how to mingle the two and how to separate them. For conscious retention and organization in their learning, there ought to be plenty of practice in order for them to coordinate their ears, writing hands, voices, and their eyes. This is basically what constitutes a structured multisensory teaching approach to dyslexic students. But before we specifically discuss this approach in detail, it is imperatively important to give some working definitions and background of the dyslexia condition. Perhaps the most important question to address ourselves to at this juncture is â€Å"what is dyslexia?† For a long time, many people have not been able to distinguish between dyslexia from mental retardation. Over the decades, there have been many terminologies that have been adopted to define dyslexia.

Interracial Marriage Essay Example for Free

Interracial Marriage Essay Interracial marriage is used to describe marriages that take place between people who are from different linguistic, religious, or nations or ethnic groups. There are substantial increases in the number of individuals engaging in interracial. Relationships between people from different ethnic and cultural groups are becoming increasingly common because of globalization and improvement of technology. Internet technology has brought together the world in that people can enter into a relationship with anyone from any countries. In some countries, it is against the law to marry someone of a different race. These countries include Germany during the Nazi period, South Africa under apartheid, and some states in the United States before a 1969 ruling. In some Arab countries, it is forbidden for an Arab to marry outside their race because of the law and traditional customs. If an Arab person marries someone out of their race, their civil rights are taken away from them. In 2008, Pakistani senators allowed women to be buried alive if they married someone outside their race. People Most Attracted to Intercultural Relationships/ Marriages To begin the series on intercultural marriage, beginning with a discussion about who exactly tends to be most attracted to intercultural relationships/marriages in the first place seems like a good place to start. It’s certainly not for everyone, as mixed marriages are full of unique challenges that married people from the same culture may never face. In Romano’s book â€Å"Intercultural Marriage,† she lists 5 common types of people who tend to be involved in intercultural relationships. The first type is the Romantic type: those who see people from other cultures as exotic, fascinating, and thrilling. These people may find people from their own culture boring and predictable, and thrive in the mystique of people from far away and foreign lands. The second type is the Compensator. These people often feel like something is missing from their lives and believe they have found it in another person or culture, as they believe elements from that person/culture fulfills what is missing from their own. Romano notes that this type is found even in couples who marry from their own cultures, who are simply looking for someone to fulfill what they lacked growing up. Rebels are slightly different from the compensators in that they dislike much about their own culture and are intent on finding someone from somewhere else. Sometimes they have a specific target culture in mind; other times they simply take whatever fate brings them. Internationals, the next type of people drawn to intercultural marriage, are those who lived outside their native countries for most of their lives, and are typically children of missionaries, diplomats, military personnel, and so on. These people often do not feel as though they completely belong to one particular culture, as they tend to have been influenced by several cultures and therefore have a wide appreciation and love for differences. The final category is comprised of others. These people may not fit into their society and often are ostracized from it. Finding love in a different culture is a way to find a place to fit in and be accepted. Some of them are not considered to be attractive in their native culture, and have better luck in another culture. Others are part of a minority and find acceptance in another culture. Still others live in poverty and marry as a way to improve their quality of life. Barriers Oftentimes, couples in intercultural marriages face barriers that most married couples of the same culture are not exposed to. Intercultural marriages are often influenced by external factors that can create dissonance and disagreement in relationships. Different cultures endure vastly diverse moral, ethical and value foundations that influence their perceptions of individual, family and societal lifestyle. When these foundations are operating alongside the foundation of different cultural roots, as in intercultural marriages, problems and disagreement oftentimes occur. 1. Family and Society The most common external factors influencing intercultural relationships and marriages are the acceptance of the family and the society in which the couple lives. Sometimes, the families of the partners display rejection, resistance, hostility and lack of acceptance for their kin’s partner. Specific issues regarding the family; including generational gaps in ideology, and how the wedding will be held; which ties into how tradition will or will not be practiced. Many intercultural couples report conflict arising over issues of how to carry out child raising and religious worship as well. 2. Language In a mixed marriage where the partners do not share the same mother tongue, the language in which they decide to communicate at home can be symbolic of the extent to which each partner is prepared to forego his or her cultural background and incorporate new elements. There may also be elements of control and dependence in the choice of language when one partner refuses to learn the other’s language. There is a case-study of a so-called bought bride from Asia. The German husband had no knowledge of her language, while she could speak some English, but no German. Communication in such a relationship proved to be extremely difficult, and all decisions and dealings with the outside world where necessarily undertaken by the German husband. The wife could not find any but the most menial jobs where the necessity of understanding was limited, which further increased her economic dependence on him. 3. Communication Style Intercultural couples may possess differing communication styles. Individuals from a high context culture are not verbally explicit in their communication behaviors. These cultures typically consist of eastern world countries where collectivism and relational harmony underlie communication behavior. By contrast, individuals from a low context culture use direct and obvious communication styles to convey information. In situations where marriage occurs between two people from differing communication contextual backgrounds, conflict may arise from relational challenges posed by the underlying assumptions of high/low context cultures. Challenges posed by differing communication styles are common among intercultural marriage couples. The longer the two individuals have existed in the current culture the less likely this is to pose an issue. If one or more partners within the marriage is relatively new to the dominant culture, the likelihood for conflict to unfold o n these bases increases. Solution/ Suggestions 1. Learn How to Appreciate One of the ways to deal with interracial dating issues is acceptance of partner the way he or she is. Most issues arise when one or both partners want to have their way in everything that they do. It is therefore important to ensure that they appreciate their wife or husband with all his or her cultural practices. Since they come different regions, differences in the way of life are bound to happen. They must desist from criticizing each other based on cultural grounds or race. As a matter of fact they must never stereotype or generalize happenings as this can be the cause of interracial conflicts. If they are willing to love, understand and respect each other’s differences, you’re on the right track. 2. Learn More about the Culture Another thing they need to do in order to solve issues with interracial relationships is to study each other well before engaging. Discuss the symbolism or significance of each other’s important cultural traditions. Understanding the significance of these traditions will help to understand them. This will help them to have a more natural, familiar feeling toward the others traditions, accept and embrace the culture of the other. After some time, they will even feel the desire to incorporate culture into their own family traditions. Besides, they need to know what values their partner stands for and to establish whether they can accommodate them. When they understand their partner in advance, it becomes easier for them to solve any interracial dating concerns. One advantage of being married to someone from another country is to get travel from time to time. When they can travel, make sure to visit the spouses family and learn about their culture firsthand. Furthermore this prepares them for the future thus allowing them to solve situations better. 3. Maintain Contact with Family It is essential that foreign spouse keeps in contact with his or her family, especially as they are probably a long way from each other. With time, he or she will feel of longing for their family, homesickness, and even possible loneliness and depression. It is necessary that he or she can keep contact to his or her family. Today, the Internet and sites like Facebook and Twitter make this type of contact much easier, and your spouse happier. Help your spouse to develop friendships with people from his or her country or families that speak their language somehow so that they will know more people and may feel at home

Cultural Intelligence in Thai Society

Cultural Intelligence in Thai Society Abstract The purpose of this article was to explain and discuss cultural intelligence in Thai society where Buddhism plays a very important role to daily life of Thai people. Cultural intelligence is important can be helpful for individuals who interact with people from different cultural backgrounds and help for manage effectively culture differences. According to the model Thomas and Inkson (2004), the development of cultural intelligence occurs in five stages are reactivity, recognition, accommodation, assimilation, and proactive. There are three characteristics to increase cultural intelligence including integrity, openness, and hardiness. These characteristics look similarly in Thai culture factors. As Buddhism plays a very important role in the daily life of the Thai people. Since about 95% of the people in the kingdom of Thailand are Buddhist Therefore, Thai society or Thai people have basic from Buddha core teaching which helps people in everywhere to become more to develop cultural i ntelligence. Keywords: cultural intelligence (CQ), development cultural intelligence, Thai society Introduction In the recent year cultural intelligence (CQ) has been introduced into the global business literature (Earley, 2002; Earley Ang, 2003). This concept is meant to reflect the capability to deal effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds. The ability interacts effectively with people who are culturally different. Globalization has been accelerated by a host of factors in the international business environment, including the following: New international trade agreement the growth of international trade the growth of multinational corporations the restructuring and downsizing of organizations the privatization of state enterprise the ability to locate business, particularly manufacturing, wherever cost it lowest the ability to execute financial transactions instantaneously on a global basis the transition of command economies to free markets the expansion of international migration the ability of information and communication technology to transcend time and distance (Th omas Inkson, 2004). Although international commerce may have existed for many years ago, it is only in the past few years that globalization has such a broad effect on business. Until recently only a few very large multinational companies were concerned with foreign operations. For most firms business was largely local, tried closely to the city or region in which they were located, and certainly limited to the confines of the country. Now, business extends across all manner of porous boundaries—some of which have become so porous they have almost ceased to exist—across the entire globe. Even very small firms now have the capability to be global. With a computer, a modem, and telephone connection it is possible to be a global business almost instantaneously. Because of globalization, the environment of business is now more complex, more dynamic, more uncertain, and more competitive than ever before. And there is no evidence that these trends will reverse or decrease (Thomas Inkson, 2004). Globalization of people is the result of dramatic shifts that have taken place in economics, politics, and technology. However, the day-to-day reality of global business involves interactions and relationships with people who are culturally different. In business today, we travel overseas among people from other cultures, we speak with them on international telephone calls, and we correspond with them be e-mail. Even in our home cities, we notice that more and more of our colleagues, our clients, and even the people we pass in the street are observable from cultures different from our own. The trend is inexorable. The range of different cultural backgrounds in huge; colleagues, business associates, and contacts probable represent countries or ethnic groups from all over the world. Johansen and McLean (2006) said that: Globalization, communications technology, immigration, an increased focus on religion and spirituality, and the ease of both domestic and international travel offer an opportunity to work, learn, and interact with people whose backgrounds differ from our own. To be effective, HRD practitioners must recognize how cultural background, assumptions, and view of the world influence an understanding. (P. 1) Culture can be seen as shaping the nature of social structures as they grow and adapt (Hofstede, 1991). Earley, Ang, and Tan (2006) suggested that â€Å"cultural intelligence as operating within a diversity context consisting of at least three layers – individual, team, and organization† (p. 168). As mention above, Earley (2002) concluded that it is a challenge to create suitable behavior in a new cultural setting that makes cultural intelligence unique. What is exactly cultural intelligence look like? How to improve cultural intelligence? Thomas and Inkson (2004) suggested three characteristics to increase cultural intelligence including integrity, openness, and hardiness. They also describe that culturally intelligent people see the connections between a culture and its context, history, and value orientations. People realize that knowledge of the culture of a country or region is only valuable in the context of understanding its religious, philosophical, and historical issues. All of these inspire the author to think about what does the relationship between cultural intelligence in my home county, Thailand. Thai culture has been greatly influenced by Buddhism. Thai culture is often known as â€Å"Thai-Buddhist culture† (Dhirvegin, 1998, p. 13). Buddhism plays a very important role in the daily life of the Thai people. Since about 95% of the people in the kingdom of Thailand are Buddhist (Chadchaidee, 2005). Do any Thai people really need to develop cultural intelligence? If yes, what kinds of cultural intelligence that Thai people needed? Purpose of the article This article is aims to explain and discus about cultural intelligence issue especially in Thai society. In order to clearly understanding, the author will present the concept of cultural intelligence, Thai culture and society, Buddhist core teaching will be discussed. Cultural Intelligence Issue There are many scholars define cultural intelligence (Earley, 2002; Early Ang, 2003; Earley, Ang Tan, 2006; Erley Mosakowski, 2004; Earley Peterson, 2004; Tomas, 2006; Thomas Inkson, 2004). In this section, the author will present an overview of cultural intelligence that including definition of cultural intelligence, components of cultural intelligence, characteristics supportive of cultural intelligence, and developmental stages of cultural intelligence. Cultural intelligence, one component of cultural competence, is defined as â€Å"a person’s capability to adapt effectively to new cultural contexts† (Earley Ang, 2003, p. 59). More specifically, cultural intelligence is â€Å"a seemingly natural ability to interpret someone’s unfamiliar and ambiguous gestures the way that person’s compatriots would and colleagues would, even to mirror them† (Earley Mosakowaski, 2004, p. 140). Cultural intelligence captures a person’s capability to adapt effectively to new cultural contexts and it has both process and content features (Earley Ang, 2003; Thomas Inkson, 2004). Similar to earlier definitions, Thomas and Inkson (2004) present the three component of cultural intelligence.   According to the Figure 1, Thomas and Inkson (2004) described at first, the culturally intelligent manger requires knowledge of culture and of the fundamental principles of cross-cultural interactions. This means knowing what culture is how cultures vary, and how culture affects behavior. Second, the culturally intelligent manager needs to practice mindfulness, the ability to pay attention in a reflective and creative way to cues in the cross-cultural situations encountered. The last, based on knowledge and mindfulness, the culturally intelligent manager develops behavioral skills, and becomes competent across a wide range of situations. These skills involve choosing the appropriate behavior from a well-developed repertoire of behaviors that are correct for different intercultural situations. All of three elements are interrelated with the other. This knowledge is only the beginning to becoming culturally intelligent. Cultural intelligence involves understanding the fundamentals of intercultural interaction, developing a mindfulness approach to intercultural interactions and finally building adaptive skills and a repertoire of behaviors so that one is effective in different intercultural situations. If we accept the notion that cultural intelligence is learned over time through intercultural interactions we can also envision that individuals pass through various stages of development in their level of cultural intelligence. Thomas and Inkson (2004 pp. 66-68) presented five stages to develop cultural intelligence including: Stage 1: Reactivity to external stimuli. A starting point is mindlessly following ones own cultural rules and norms. This stage is typical of individuals with very little exposure to, or interest in, other cultures. Parochial individuals do not even recognize that cultural differences exist. If they do, they consider them inconsequential. People at this stage of development can be heard to say things like â€Å"I dont see differences, and I treat everyone the same.†. Stage 2: Recognition of other cultural norms and motivation to learn more about them. Experience and mindfulness produce a newfound awareness of the multicultural mosaic that surrounds us. A heightened sense of mindfulness presents a sometimes-overwhelming amount of new information Curiosity is aroused, and the individual wants to lean more. People at this stage often struggle to sort through the complexity of the cultural environment. They search for simple rules of thumb to guide their behavior. Stage 3: Accommodation of other culture norms and rules in ones own mind. Reliance on absolutes disappears. A deeper understanding of cultural variation begins to develop. The cultural norms and rules of various societies begin to seem comprehensible and even reasonable in their context. The recognition of appropriate behavioral responses to different cultural situations develops; however, only fairly obvious cues are attended to, and adaptive behavior takes a lot of effort and is often awkward. People at this stage know what to say and do in a variety of cultural situations. However, they have to think about it, and adaptive behavior does not feel natural. Stage 4: Assimila tion of diverse cultural norms into alternative behaviors. At this stage adjusting to different situations no longer requires much effort. Individuals develop a repertoire of behaviors from which they can choose depending on the specific cultural situation. They actively experiment with new behavior. They function in a number of different cultures almost effortlessly and with no more stress than if they were in their home culture- Members of other cultures accept them as culturally knowledgeable and feel comfortable interacting with them. They feel at home, almost anywhere, Stage 5: Proactivity in cultural behavior based on recognition of changing cues that others do not perceive. People who are highly culturally intelligent have the ability, through continuous sampling of internal states and external cues, to sense changes in cultural context, sometimes even before members of the other culture. They are so attuned to the nuances of intercultural interactions that they almost automa tically adjust their behavior to anticipate these changes and facilitate better intercultural interactions among others. They seem to intuitively know what behaviors are required and how to execute them effectively. Individuals at this stage of development may be quite rare; however, it is a level of cultural intelligence to which we all might aspire. Griffer and Perlis (2007) stated that the development of cultural intelligence begins with a study of self and the awareness that everyone has a multi-perspective identity. Many people look into a mirror and describe themselves on the basis of what they see and subsequently describe others in the same way. Looking into that mirror, we see characteristics that can be easily described as race. Multi-perspective identity is defined as â€Å"characteristics of our identity that enable each individual to view reality through specific perspectives based upon ability, age, ethnicity, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic class† (Perlis, 2001 p. 11). This concept can certainly incorporate other forms of difference that comprise one’s identity; however, the definition for our work addressing the development of cultural intelligence will focus on these basic cultural characteristics. As pre-service we begin to see themselves as multi-perspective individual s and understand the interrelationships between these forms of their identity, they will develop cultural intelligence. Thomas Inkson (2004) suggested the possession or development of these underlying characteristics – integrity, openness, and hardiness – can support acquisition of a cultural intelligence easier. Integrity is â€Å"having a well-developed sense of self and understanding how one’s own belief system motivates behavior† (Thomas Inkson, 2004 p. 65). People differ in the ways they describe our inner self cannot be directly known by other people. It is important for us to have an honest understanding of ourselves. Openness is â€Å"showing deferential respect and a willingness to learn from others† (Thomas Inkson, 2004 p. 65). It is mean inquisitiveness particularly about people from different cultures. Hardiness is â€Å"robustness, courage, intrepidness, and capability of surviving unfavorable conditions. If we are hardy we can cope with stress, recover from shocks, and perceive stressful events as interesting and meaningful and as an opportunity for growth and learning. † (Thomas Inkson, 2004 p. 65). In summary, Cultural intelligence is a person’s aptitude to task successfully with people from different culture background and understanding. Cultural intelligence has three component of cultural intelligence include with knowledge, mindfulness, and behavior. The development of cultural intelligence occurs in five stages are reactivity, recognition, accommodation, assimilation, and proactive. Finally, the author present three characteristics to increase cultural intelligence including integrity, openness, and hardiness can support acquisition of a cultural intelligence. The next section the author will present about Thai culture and society. Thai Culture and Society Thailand is situated in the heart of Southeast Asia with Bangkok as the capital city. Thailand spreads out over 513,115 square kilometers of land and stretches some 1,620 kilometers from north to south and 775 kilometers from east to west. Thailand is divided into four natural regions: the north, northeast, the central plain, and the south. The Kingdom, a society that is also free, cohesive, and open, remains one of the most attractive places in the world to visit and conduct business. Buddhism is the faith of approximately 95 percent of the population (About Thailand, 2007). Today, Thai people share a rich ethnic diversity, Mon, Khmer, Tai, Chinese, Malay, Laotian, and Indian stock, with the result that there is no typically Thai. About 80% of all Thais are connected in some way with agriculture, which influences and is influenced by the religious ceremonies and festivals that help make Thailand such a distinctive country (UNDP: Thailand Human Development Report, 2007). It should be noted that the concepts of Thai culture are mostly similar to Buddhist principle. Buddhist principles are pragmatic (Payutto, 2003) as we can see from one of the teachings about pairs that though little he recites the Sacred Texts, but put the precepts into practice, forsaking lust, hatred and delusion, with right knowledge, with mind well freed, cling to nothing here or hereafter, he has a share in religious life (Wannapok, 1988). There are the main ideas of Buddhism are contained in the statements known as The Noble Eightfold Path and the Middle Way. Truth defines the Buddhist way of life and contains ail the ethical teaching and practices of Buddhism. It provides the way and means to attain the goal as set forth in the third Truth. This way is called the Noble Eightfold Path as it consists of eight factors as show in Table 1. Table 1: The Noble Eightfold Path as it corresponds to the Threefold Training The Threefold Training The Noble Eightfold Path ‘Panna’ or Wisdom Right View Right Thought ‘Sila’ or Morality Right Speech Right Action Right Livelihood ‘Samadhi’ or Meditation Right Effort Right Mindfulness Right Concentration. Knietim (2009) suggested that Right View is means to see and to understand things as they really. As such, right view is the cognitive aspect of wisdom. Right Thought is the kind of mental energy that controls our actions. It can be described best as commitment to ethical and mental self-improvement. Right Speech is importance of speech can save lives or break, make friends or enemies. Right Action is expression and involves bodily actions. Right action means to act kindly and compassionately, to be honest, to respect the belongings of others, and to keep sexual relationships harmless to others. Right Livelihood means that one should earn ones living in a righteous way and that wealth should be gained legally and peacefully. Right effort is mental energy, it is the force behind right effort. The same type of energy that fuels desire, envy, aggression, and violence can on the other side fuel self-discipline, honesty, benevolence, and kindness. Right mindfulness is the ability to see t hings as they are, with clear consciousness. Right mindfulness enables us to be aware of the process of conceptualization in a way that we actively observe and control the way our thoughts go. Right Concentration is through the practice of meditation. The meditating mind focuses on a selected object. Through this practice it becomes natural to apply elevated levels concentration also in everyday situations The eight aspects of the path are not to be understood as a sequence of single steps, instead they are highly interdependent principles that have to be seen in relationship with each other. The eight factors of the Path are therefore organized into a system called the Threefold Training of morality (comprising the Right Speech, Right Action, and Right Livelihood factors), concentration or thought development (comprising the Right Effort,  Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration factors), and wisdom (consisting of the Right View, and Right Thought factors) (Chanchamnong, 2003). One of the most complex values in Thai culture is â€Å"The concept of Kreng Jai†. It is very difficult for foreigners to understand. This concept is the concept of being â€Å"considerate†. Komin asserts that this concept underlies a significant portion of everyday interpersonal behavioral patterns of the Thais (Komin, 1990). She further explained that: Its closest meaning is to be considerate, to feel reluctant to impose upon another person, to take another persons feelings (and ego) into account, or to take every measure not to cause discomfort or inconvenience for another person. Kreng jai refers to such attitude predisposing to ones resulting behavior towards someone else. Kreng jai behavior is to be observed by all, superiors, equals, and inferiors, including intimate relationships like husband-wife, and close friends, with differences in degree. (pp. 161-162) In general, Thai people helps others people without expecting any return or any compensation. At the same time the person who receives help will feel indebted to the helper and he will remember that and try to repay or return the favor at a later date. This is one of culture factor called â€Å"The concept of helping each other† (Joungtrakul, 2008). One of the most important in Thai society is the concept of ‘Bunkhun’. Thai people deeply and will be quite difficult to change. There are limitations in applying this concept as it may go beyond proper practice. However, to ignore or to delete it from a model would be difficult and may cause some problems in practice. Its removal could do more harm than good. There is no doubt Buddhism has a conscious significant role in the everyday Thai life. With regard to religious activities, likewise, the Thai are constantly engaged in merit-makings, and numerous other religious ceremonies. These activities are religious rituals. And as a Buddhist country, there are such activities to perform all year round, at home, at work, and in the community. Komin (1990) described that Thai people are sympathetic to others and it becomes the nature of the Thais in general. The application of this concept will create cooperative attitudes and collective efforts by the two parties to achieve common goals. Thai people also practice this concept in their daily lives and the phase of ‘meet half way’ is understandable by the Thais. This concept calls â€Å"The concept of compromising†. As the Thai culture is a â€Å"Thai-Buddhism culture† (Dhiravegin, 1998, p.l3), the middle path is a way of life for a Thai. Thais are compromising in nature and try to avoid any explicit confrontation. Thais follow the Buddhist principles of helping all people. This is usually done by joining in constructively creating social harmony and unity according to the four principles of helpful integration (Sangaha-Vatthu), which are: (1) Dana: giving, sharing (helping through money material goods); (2) Piyavaca: amicable speech (helping through words); (3) Atthacariy: helpful action (helping through physical effort); (4) Samarattata: participation (helping through problem solving) (Payutto, 2000 p.7). Buddhism Role’s and Cultural Intelligence in Thai Society According to three characteristic of Thomas and Inkson concept, there are integrity, openness, and hardiness which can support acquisition of a cultural intelligence. They explain that ‘Integrity’ is having a well-developed sense of self and understanding how one’s own belief system motivates behavior. ‘Openness’ is showing deferential respect and a willingness to learn from others. ‘Hardiness’ is robustness, courage, intrepidness, and capability of surviving unfavorable conditions. In the view point of the author, these three characteristic of develop cultural intelligence relate to some part of Buddha’s core teaching that show in Table 2. Characteristics to improve cultural intelligence relate to Buddha’s core teachings Characteristics Buddha’s core teachings Integrity Chanda: the will or aspiration. This is compatible with the faith that leads to achieving wisdom (Chanchamnong, 2003, Payutto, 2003). Openness Citta: Thoughtfulness, i.e. making a conscious effort to think analytically in order to achieve the right views (Chanchamnong, 2003, Payutto, 2003). Hardiness Viriya: the effort, the energy which one exerts in the right way to accomplish the right view (Chanchamnong, 2003, Payutto, 2003). According to Table 2 shown the relationship between the three characteristics to improve cultural intelligence relate to Buddha’s core teachings is very closely. For the stages of cultural intelligence development, from literature review and compare between cultural intelligence concept of Thomas and Inkson (2004) with Buddhist principle concept especially as shown Table 2. The author beliefs that in Thai society, Thai people will be getting into develop stage of cultural intelligence with not too different. In fact the Buddha core teaching trains the people go to be the good person like other religion, help each other’s sympathy and support the society. Indeed, the Buddha core teaching focus in human resource development specially begins from self development, physical and mentor. That is mean the people who develop their own self will gain more cultural intelligence. Conclusion Cultural intelligence is important for individuals who interact with people from different countries, religious background – those with different cultural backgrounds. Cultural intelligence is a person’s aptitude to task successfully with people from different culture background and understanding. According to three characteristic of Thomas and Inkson concept, there are integrity, openness, and hardiness which can support acquisition of a cultural intelligence. They explain that ‘Integrity’ is having a well-developed sense of self and understanding how one’s own belief system motivates behavior. ‘Openness’ is showing deferential respect and a willingness to learn from others. ‘Hardiness’ is robustness, courage, intrepidness, and capability of surviving unfavorable conditions. Three characteristic of develop cultural intelligence have relate to Buddhist core teaching. Indeed, the Buddha taught many things, but the basic concepts in Buddhism explains a purpose to life, it explains apparent injustice and inequality around the world and it provides a code of practice or way of life that leads to right happiness. Buddhism in Thailand is strongly influenced by traditional beliefs regarding ancestral and natural spirits. Therefore, Buddha ways can help Thai people to develop a repertoire of behavioral skills appropriate to different intercultural situations and will be able to choose the right ones for a given interaction. The Thai word say â€Å"Khao mueng tar-lew, tong lew-tar tarm†, the meaning in English is â€Å"When in Rome, do as the Romans do† as a great cultural intelligence. References Chadchaidee T. (2005). Essay on Thailand. (17th enlarged edit.). Bangkok: Thanapol Vitayakarn. Chanchamnong S. (2003). The Buddha’s core teachings. Bangkok: Saisungsukaphapjai. Dhiravegin, L. (1998). Evolution of Thai political and dministration (in Thai) (6th ed.). Bangkok: Thammasat University Press. Earley, P. C, Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: An analysis of individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. Earley, P. C, (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior 24, 271-299. Earley, P. C. Mosakowski, E. (2004). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review (10), 139-146. Earley, P. C., Ang, S., Tan, J. S. (2006). CQ: Developing cultural intelligence at work. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Earley, P.C. and Peterson, R.S. (2004). The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education 3(1), 100-15. Griffer M.R. Perlis M.P. (2007). Developing cultural intelligence in preservice speech-language pathologists and educators. Communication Disorders jhQuarterly, 29(1), 28-35. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its Importance for survival, Cambridge, England: McGraw-Hill. Johansen B. P. McLean G. N. (2006). Worldviews of adult learning in the workplace: A core concept in human resource development advances in developing human resources, Advances in Developing Human Resources 8(3), 321-328. Abstract retrieved July 8, 2009, from http://adh.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/321. Joungtrakul, J. (2008). The Stride: A concerted industrial action in Thailand. Bangkok: Business Law Center. Knierim T. (2007). The Noble Eightfold Path. [Online] Available from http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/eightfoldpath.html. [2009, July 25] Komin S. (1990). The Psychology of the Thai people Values and Behavioral Patterns. Bangkok: National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Research Center. Payutto , P.A. (2000). A Constition for Living (6th ed.). Bangkok: Saha Dhammikkha Press. Payutto, P.A. (2003). The Pali Cannon: What a Buddhist Must Know. Bangkok: S. R. Printing Mass Products. Perlis, S.M. (2001). Sexual orientation and multiperspective identity on a small, Catholic campus: An analysis of the cultural climate and multicultural organizational change. Doctor dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia. The Royal Thai Embassy (2007). About Thailand: An overview of Thailand. [Online] Available from http://thaiembdc.org/aboutthai/overview.htm. [2009, July 1] Thomas, D. C., Inkson, K. (2004). Cultural intelligence: People skills for global business. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Thomas, D.C. (2006). Domain and development of cultural intelligence: The importance of mindfulness, Group and Organization Management 31(1), 78-79. United Nations Development Program: Thailand Human Development Report 2007; Sufficiency Economy and Human Development. [Online] Avaliable from: Retrieved http://www.undp.or.th. [2009, July 18] Wannapok S. (1988). The Buddha’s words in the Dhammapada (6th end). Bangkok: Chormafai Press.

Proton-proton Coupling Constant

Proton-proton Coupling Constant Easily recognized splitting patterns found in various spectra provide the chemical shifts of the different sets of hydrogen that generate the signals differ by two or more ppm. The patterns are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the proton chemical shift, and the central lines are always stronger than the outer lines. The most commonly observed patterns have been given descriptive names, such as doublet (two equal intensity signals), triplet (three signals with an intensity ratio of 1:2:1) and quartet (a set of four signals with intensities of 1:3:3:1). The line separation is always constant within a given multiplet, and is called the coupling constant (J). The magnitude of J, usually given in units of Hz, is magnetic field independent. Coupling constants play an immense role in configurational and conformational studies. The relative position of protons is determining factor for Vicinal coupling constant between two protons. For example, in 1,2-disubstituted ethenes, the lar ger vicinal coupling constant was observed between the olefinic protons for the trans isomer 82a than for the cis isomer 82b [127,134]. The vicinal coupling constant depends on the dihedral angle between the protons in saturated systems. Karplus [118] gave equations 1 and 2 relating the coupling constant with dihedral angles. J1 = k1cos2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ c (0 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ 90 °) †¦ (1) J2 = k2cos2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ c (0 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £ 180 °)†¦ (2) These equations were later modified as equation 3. J2 = A cos2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ B cos2à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ + C †¦ (3) In equation 3, J is the coupling constant and A, B and C are constants related to the electro-negativities of the substituents attached to the C-C segment. The J value decreases markedly with increase in the electronegativities of the substituents [135-140]. 13C-NMR: Transitions of only 13C nuclei are noticed in 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Figure 3 represents different ÃŽ ´ values (in ppm), couplings, coupling constants (in Hz) and chemical shifts of 13C nuclei processing in different chemical environments. Usually, ÃŽ ´ value scale of 13C-NMR ranges from 0-220 ppm with respect to TMS as internal standard. 13C-NMR spectral interpretation can be best understood from chart given in figure 3 [126,127]. 13C Chemical shift As in the same ways of proton NMR spectrum, Chemical Shift in 13C NMR spectrum provides the hybridization (sp3, sp2, sp) of each carbon nucleus due to shielding and deshielding effects. Each carbon nucleus has its own electronic environment, different from the environment of other, non-equivalent nuclei. Figure 3: Chart representing 13C nuclei chemical shift due to different chemical environments. Electronegative atoms and pi bonds cause downfield shifts (â€Å"Thinkbook†). Spin-spin coupling provides the number of protons attached to the 13C nuclei. (i.e., primary, secondary tertiary or quaternary carbon) [126,127]. Carbon (13C) has a much broader chemical shift range. One important difference is that the aromatic and alkene regions overlap to a significant extent [126,127].Many factors such as inductive effects of substituent, hybridization state of the observed nucleus, Van der Wall’s and steric effects between closely spaced nuclei, electric fields originating from molecular dipoles or point charges, hyperconjugation, mesomeric interactions in à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ° electron systems (delocalization effects), diamagnetic shielding due to heavy substituents (heavy-atom effect) and anisotropy effects is known to influence the 13C Chemical shift of six-membered ring compounds. Among those factor, electrostatic effects due to the presence of a heteroatom in the cyclohexane moiety and steric perturbation effects being intrinsic importance. Lambert et al. [141] documented the effect of heteroatom in monoheterocyclohexanes 83 on the shifts of ring carbons. The à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-shift is a steep function of electronegativity of heteroatom X. A high frequency shift of about 50 ppm is produced by an increase in one unit electronegativity. However, a small effects of heteroatom electronegativity on à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-carbons are produced, a shift of -2.5 ppm/electronegativity unit for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ and -5.0 ppm/electronegativity unit for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-carbon, respectively. Ramalingam et al have demonstrated the effect of introduction of heteroatom in 84a-84e [86]. The decreasing order of the deshielding effect of heteroatom on the benzylic carbon is O > NMe > NH > S. because of a field effect, the heteroatom generates a low frequency an upfield shift in the ca rbonyl resonance. Contrary to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ effects, the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-effect is being a property of at least four atoms and it has a torsional component. All ÃŽ ³ anti substituents cause increased shielding on C-5 due to the presence of ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ³ protons. The ÃŽ ³ anti effect C-3 is found to be rather deshielding. The resonating carbon and perturbing à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § substituent showed the dihedral angle arrangement ranging from 0-180 °. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-gauche effects is found to be almost independent of the nature of the perturbing group X and generally occur in the 60-80 ° regions, whereas à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-anti effect in the 150-180 ° regions. The introduction of an axial substituent shifts the resonance of a à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-carbon to lower frequencies. The à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-anti effect (introduction of an equatorial substituent) is small. Interpretation of the substituent effects mainly depends on the steric and polar effects [142-144]. Based on the 13C NMR spectrum of vinylcyclohexane at low temperature, Buchanan observed the low frequency shifts in 85a relative to the equatorial counterpart 85b [145]. Based on the 13C NMR spectrum of various di-and tri-methylcyclohexanes, Dalling and Grant [146] observed an axial methyl group shifts the resonance of C(2), C(3) and C(4) at 1.40, 5.41 and 6.37 ppm and the corresponding resonance shifts for an equatorial methyl group at 5.96, 9.03 and 0.05 ppm, respectively. The shielding by an axial methyl group relative to an equatorial methyl group has been ascribed to steric interactions [142]. Furthermore, The 13C NMR data of 4 hydroxypiperidines results indicate that substituent effects are markedly influenced by steric interaction. Eliel et al. [147] study on à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-effect of heteroatoms in heteracyclohexanes 86a-86d provide evidence that the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §-carbon located anti to a second-row heteroatom (X=O; NH) resonates at significantly lower frequency than the analogo us carbon anti to a methylene group or a third-row heteroatom. Pandiarajan et al. [13] suggested a method of assigning the configuration of a sub ­stituent in saturated six–membered ring compounds, existing in chair conformation, from 13C chemical shift of a single epimer. Furthermore, the influence of the nearby substituents on the substituent parameters of equatorial methyl, gem-dimethyl, and equatorial and axial hydroxyl groups in several six-membered ring compounds 87a-87g has been suggested by Pandiarajan et al [13]. The magnitude of the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ effect of a particular substituent is significantly reduced by a nearby substituent and the magnitude of the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ effect decreases as the number of gauche interactions increases. Though, the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § effects are not influenced by the nearby substituents [13]. Nuclear Overhauser effect (nOe) The change in intensity of one NMR resonance that occurs when another is saturated is known as the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). NOE arises from dipole–dipole cross-relaxation between nuclei, and its usefulness. The strength of a given NOE enhancement is approximately correlated with internuclear separation (actually r−6 where r is the internuclear distance). However, the NOE also depends on other factors such as molecular motions [148]. In small molecules in solution, the NOE is positive and causes affected resonances to increase in intensity. NOE for small molecules is generally measured using one-dimensional experiments. In small molecules, NOE determins particular stereochemical relationships, such as substitution or ring fusion patterns in largely rigid systems. The NOE is negative for larger molecules and cause affected resonances decrease in intensity. NOE for larger molecules is usually measured using the two-dimensional NOESY experiment or one of its multidimensional variants. Using the NOE to Development of three-dimensional structural information using NOE generally depends on interpretation of an overlapping, redundant network of enhancements, rather than on calibrating precisely the distance dependence of individual enhancements. NOE determine accurate three-dimensional solution structures of biomacromoleculs such as DNA, RNA, or other proteins [149]. A spin-excited nucleus is known to transfer its spin energy to that of an adjacent nucleus resulting in spin relaxation. The efficiency of energy transfer is directly related to the distance between the two nuclei. The nOe grosses advantage of the spin energy transfer [149]. The nOe decreases as the inverse of the sixth power of the distance between the protons. An interesting application of nOe to a structural problem has been described by Hunter et al. [150] When styrene is polymerized in the presence of 4-methoxyphenol, in addition to the polymer, a 1:1 adduct is obtained by the addition of a styrene molecule to 4-methoxyphenol. However, the question of whether the addition occurs at C-2 or C-3 could not be answered from either the 1H or 13C NMR spectrum. The nOe experiment provided a decision in favour of structure 88. Irradiating the OCH3 resonance gave an increase in the intensities of the signals of the ring protons HA and HB. From this it is obvious that both these protons are ortho to the OCH3 group. In contrast the signal of the third ring proton HC showed a negative nOe. This is a case of an indirect nOe in a multi spin system. In further, nOe experiment it was shown that saturating the OH resonance increased the intensity of the HC signal, providing additional evidence for structure 88. TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY COSY, a homonuclear 2D NMR correlation spectroscopy, correlates chemical shift of two hydrogen nuclei located on two different carbons that are separated by a single bond via j coupling. Thus it detects the chemical shift for hydrogen’s on both F1 and F2 axis. The most important two-dimensional NMR spectra show either 1h vs 1h or 1h vs 13c chemical shift correlations [126,127]. Here, we attempt to discuss about the some of the important types of 2-D experiments. Principle In 2D-NMR, the structural information are obtained from the interactions between two nuclei, either through the bonds which connect them (J-coupling interaction) or directly through space (NOE interaction). These interactions occur at a time by irradiating one resonance in the proton spectrum (either during the relaxation delay or during acquisition) and provide the effect on the intensity or coupling pattern of another resonance. 2D NMR essentially allows us to irradiate all of the chemical shifts in one experiment and gives us a matrix or two-dimensional map of all of the affected nuclei. All possible pairs of nuclei in the sample processed at the same time [128,129]. The basic steps in 2D experiment are as follows. 1. Preparation: Excite nucleus A, creating magnetization in the x-y plane 2. Evolution: Measure the chemical shift of nucleus A. 3. Mixing: Transfer magnetization from nucleus A to nucleus B (via J or NOE). 4. Detection: Measure the chemical shift of nucleus B. Preparation and Evolution: A 90o pulse excites all of the sample nuclei simultaneously. Detection is simply recording an FID and finding the frequency of nucleus B by Fourier transformation. To get a second dimension, we have to measure the chemical shift of nucleus A before it passes its magnetization to nucleus B. This is accomplished by simply waiting a period of time (called t1, the evolution period) and letting the nucleus A magnetization rotate in the x-y plane. The experiment is repeated many times over (for example, 512 times), recording the FID each time with the delay time t1 incremented by a fixed amount. The time course of the nucleus A magnetization as a function of t1 (determined by its effect on the final FID) is used to define how fast it rotates and thus its chemical shift. Mixing is a combination of RF pulses and/or delay periods which induce the magnetization to jump from A to B as a result of either a J coupling or an NOE interaction (close proximity in space). Di fferent 2D experiments (e.g., NOESY, COSY, HETCOR, etc.) differ primarily in the mixing sequence, since in each one we are trying to define the relationship between A and B within the molecule in a different way [128,129].

Essay --

Learning objectives To provide exercise professionals with an overview of resistance training benefits, safety issues, and programming guidelines for patients who have been diagnosed with osteoporosis or at risk of getting it. Key words Osteoporosis, Bone Mineral Density, Resistance Exercise, Quality of life, Postmenopausal Women, Strength Training, Osteoporosis is a major public health problem that will likely escalate as the population ages. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by a significant decrease in bone mass, which can lead to an increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Women are three times more likely than men to be diagnosed with osteoporosis during their lifespan. 2,6,9,17,21,24,33,50 Bone is a dynamic tissue that continually adapts to its functional demands to produce a structure that is strong enough to prevent fractures during typical activities. 3,14,23,29,32,33, Studies have clearly shown the importance of regular physical activity for optimal skeletal growth during development and maintenance of mineral mass and density in adulthood. Because this disease is characterized by a progressive decline in bone density, resistance training is often recommended as a complementary treatment. This article will review both the current body of knowledge with respect to the effects of resista nce training on osteoporosis symptoms as well as the current recommendations for a resistance-training program. Disease Background Osteoporosis is a manifestation of bone atrophy that leads to great susceptibility to fractures, which occur even as a result of small trauma. The most common fractures occur in the spine, wrist and hip and are not uncommon in the ribs, humerus and pelvis.3, 18,20,26,3... ...ng is preferable to lower intensities and is generally safe because the load is relative to individual capacity. In middle-aged and older persons, especially postmenopausal women and patients treated with medications that may cause bone loss should be given an exercise prescription. Resistance exercise targeting major muscle groups is recommended 2 to 3 days per week at ~70% to 80% of 1 RM, 2 to 3 sets, and 6 to 8 repetitions per set. They should begin with lighter loads, adding weight in small increments until desired loads are achieved. Proper posture and lifting technique are crucial concerns, so that they do not injure themselves during exercises. Exercise programs for elderly women and men should include not only weight-bearing endurance and resistance activities aimed at preserving bone mass, but also activities designed to improve balance and prevent falls.

Sex Education in Schools Essay -- Teaching Education

Sex Education in Schools Sex education in schools now seems to be more and more of a controversial issue. People are arguing over what the curriculum should be in sex education, if it should be taught in schools or at home by parents and the main point of this paper if sex education is actually doing what it was set out to do. The idea behind this paper is to determine if sex education in schools really does keep down the amount of teens with STD’s or who become pregnant. The definition of sex education according to SIECUS (2002) â€Å"Sexuality education is a lifelong process of acquiring information and forming attitudes, beliefs, and values. It encompasses sexual development, reproductive health, interpersonal relationships, affection, intimacy, body image, and gender roles.† Sex education discusses important aspects of reproduction, sexuality, and just growing up in general in a physical and emotional sense. One would have to wonder though; does sex education actually serve its purpose? Does it enlighten teens enough about sex and the consequences, to the point where you can actually tell the difference between those who are sexually educated and those who are not? According to a study done bye Coyle (1999) sex education no matter where, at home or in school, and no matter the program does indeed help decrease the amount of teens having unsafe sex. Based on information from that same study about 3 million teenagers a year get an STD, and roughly 10% of adolescent females ages 15-19 get pregnant every year unintentionally. In an article from The Alan Guttmacher Institute (1999) there has been a 20% drop in female p regnancies between n 1990 and 1997 and the drop has continued, they have stated that the reason for this i... ...ow that sex education does indeed decrease the amount of teens who become pregnant and contract STD’s. There are a lot of people who choose to ignore statistics which state that they themselves and their children are at risk of getting a disease which would change their lives forever, or ignore the idea that their child could be having sex, and young teens who don’t believe they can get pregnant the first time having sex. Sex education informs and is an important part of a curriculum, just as much as Math and English, because an education is harder to get if you have a baby or if you spend a lot of time in the doctor’s office. Life is by no means over if a disease is contracted or if a baby is born, but it is defiantly life altering and it is by far better to know and be able to protect yourself than it is to be sheltered from what a few people could find profane.

Mexican American Borderlands and The Caribbean

The negative side effects of tattoos Tattoos are permanent pictures or designs on the skin, pricked and stained with indelible dyes. They contain mainly industrial organic pigments with high microbiological impurities load. Tattoos are body arts. In our society today, tattoos have Increase In popularity among all ages but most prevalent among the adolescent and young adults.Reports have shown that the Increase in the adolescent involvement in tattooing is fuelled by peer pressure and their quests to belong to certain groups or to be accepted. (A. E Almsman Pl). This makes them not to consider the hazards that are associated with it. In this essay, I will be investigating the negative side effects that are associated with tattoos such as how society view people involved, common health risk and Flanagan hardships. According to Anne E.Almsman of Fingers School of Medicine and North Western University, tattooing has been associated with high-risk behaviors such as sexual intercourse, bin ge ringing, smoking, marijuana use, fighting, gang membership, and truancy and school failure. (A. E Almsman P 2). Many health professionals also, associate body arts with criminal activity or psychiatric disturbances. Tattoos are viewed in our society today as unprofessional and offensive. It can reduce an employment opportunities. For example, you cannot be a recruit of the military If you have offensive tattoo on your neck, above. r on any obvious part of your body that suggest gang membership. Furthermore, excessive tattoos may be a form of self-harm. There is usually ins during the procedures and while the tattoo and is healing. Tattoos from most commercial tattoo parlors are associated with infections, including potentially deadly infections like stash, tetanus, hepatitis B or C, and HIVE. Other side effects include; acute Inflammatory reactions caused by physical tissue injury and Injection of pigment dyes, excessive and unsightly scarring, nerve damage, allergic reactions an d sometimes uncontrolled bleeding. MEMBER reports) Furthermore, tattoos can cause misdiagnoses or interference with medical procedures like Mrs. (Robert Prepaid 2). Also because of the risk of infection, one will not be able to donate blood for at least a year after having tattoos for the risk of infections. It cost a lot of money to do tattoos and take care of it during the healing process. From a survey I conducted, an average tattoo studio cost about a $100. 00 per hour. Think about spending more than three hours. In addition, removing tattoos can be expensive and painful, and usually does not leave the area looking completely healed.In conclusion, getting tattoos poses a read health risk that can lead to infections or even attracting HIVE and those involved are mostly associated with negative criminal activities and high-risk behavior. . Anne E. Almsman Epidemiology of tattoos and piercing . Legislation in the United States Robert Prepaid; Publication on Medicine plus Health Day , American Academy of Dermatology, â€Å"Tattoos, Body Piercing, and Other Skin Adornments† www. Monoclinic. Com, Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MEMBER) â€Å"Tattoos: Understand risks and precautions† http://www. Tenement. Com/ teen-issues/piercing-and-tattoos. HTML

Isolation in “Lord of the Flies” and “Heart of Darkness” Essay

This is an awsome essay Feel unleash to use it. Great comparison of books, handsome work. novels. Throughout Lord of the go and brass of Darkness the importance of mastery is greatly stressed. This being the ascendence to remain pitying and give sanity. In Heart of Darkness, Marlow was sufficient to remain his restriant despite how difficult it was for him. He was always surrounded by cannibals and constant chaos. On the other(a) hand, Kurtz was un suit fitting to sp are his restriant, as a result he upset his humanity and sanity, and up to nowtually died because of it. In Lord of the fly, Ralph is able to restrain restrain, and he therefore remains human. He tack it difficult though, because there was only one other person who was able to do the same- Piggy. Ralph was determined to maintain order, and he was precise alone because of it. Jack on the other hand, gave in to the temptationof simply hunting and playing, and lost his humanity in the process.He became a s avage not a human being, but a savage with a painted body and strange unfounded ways. In contrast, the cannibals in Heart of Darkness, (who are starving) could have considerably had many con nisus to meals. After all, they outnumbered the whites thirty to five, but they salve had necessary restraint to refrain from savagely feasting on some of the easily accessible seamen. Towards the end of the novel, Marlow becomes becomes very stiff to losing his sanity, but also has the necessary restraint to maintain it. He confuses the beat of a drum (the call to mans primative side) with his own heartbeat, but is still able to restrain from slipping over the leaping as Kurt did. Ralph in Lord of the Flies is constantly faced with temptation to occasion Jack and all of the other boys, peculiarly when Piggy dies and he is all alone. This makes it even more difficult to restrain from tolerant in to Jack and his animalistic tribe. Therefore, it is unpatterned how important restrain is in these devil novels.The ability to do so may be the difference between vivification and death, and the one who can restrain himself teh most is the one who prevails in the end. In conclusion, it is obvious that the authors of these twain novels wrote about their own emotional state experiences because they were able to draw emotion form things that actually haopened to them. Also, through Lord of the Flies and Heart of Darkness, Golding and Conrad were able to express the isolation that some of the characters were forced to endure, and the importance of restraint in dealing with ones humanity. These compelling novels leave the reader with two possible questions. Would I be able to cope with the intense isolation? And, do I have the necessary restriant to maintain the humanity which so many plurality take for granted? finally, the reader would be left with a better collar of the darkness, which Golding and Conrad believed, each and every one of us possess somewhere, deep down inside.