Week3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Week3 - Assignment Example Endeavor to utilize laps between remote assessment law and U.S to viably copy tax cuts. The treasury should address this cut openings by utilization of existing laws and by enactment of standing rules to fledgling this training. (Albrecht, Albrecht, 2008). A U.S resident can lessen or limit U.S. charge commitments by guaranteeing charge credit on remote duties on pay. This is exposed to the accompanying condition; the most extreme assessment credit payable must not surpass the measure of expense that would be payable if this annual duty was burdened utilizing residential personal assessment rate. Any overabundance charge paid to an outside district isn't claimable. For instance if a U.S resident X procures $9,000 outside yearly pay and this is the main of available pay for X. Also, x had paid 800 as expense on this salary. His household charge obligation will be 900 less 800 expense credit. For instance if a U.S resident X procures $9,000 outside yearly salary and this is the main of available pay for X. Furthermore, x had paid 800 as expense on this pay. His residential expense risk will be 900 less 800 duty credit. Be that as it may, is this assessment credit is dispensed with; the legislature will win an extra

Argument essay of Epistemology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contention article of Epistemology - Assignment Example ing to epistemology centers around philosophical investigations on the specific idea of information incorporating its relationship with other associated thoughts like defense and genuine conviction. Numerous rationalists have brought up issue of whether the idea of information needs any ruler of avocation for it to be acknowledged as being valid and dependable. Understand that with regards to epistemology, information that is examined is regularly propositional, likewise alluded to as the â€Å"knowledge that.† this sort of information is frequently isolated from the â€Å"knowledge how† just as â€Å"acquaintance knowledge.† For example, when you include 2+2=4; be that as it may, another sort of information frequently exist like that of knowing someone else of oneself, spot or something (Comesaã ±a, 2005). This has made a few savants to propose that a significant differentiation exists between â€Å"knowing how,† â€Å"knowing that† just as â€Å"acquaintance knowledge.† In all these, epistemology is by all accounts enormously keen on the subsequent one. In this paper, I have endeavored to make a contention of whether information that individuals have over different subjects can be adequately supported. For quite a while, support has regularly been viewed as one of the significant conditions for information. For this situation, the speculations that have for quite some time been utilized to deny the explanations behind avocation have frequently been excused as being negligible non-starters. Already, a few thinkers had endeavored to make the conventional point of view that avocation was without a doubt a fundamental and important condition in the examination and comprehension of information. This was in opposition to the epistemic externalists that recommended that legitimization was to be supplanted and in its place, a progressively dependable sign that was very delicate or any sort of externalist condition. The underlying rationalists clarified that the idea of substitution was not required by any stretch of the imagination, since it was a bit much. Before long this perspectives were

In 1957 the Common Essay -- Economics

In 1957 the Common In 1957 the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was sketched out by the at that point six part states. The principle explanation behind the Common Agricultural strategy was to make Agriculture an independent substance in The European Association. The six part conditions of the European Union proposed to do this by making a steady market for agrarian produce and simultaneously saving costs at a reasonable level for buyers. The leaders of the European Union (E.U) accepted that Agriculture was one of the most huge enterprises inside the E.U; .and as a result concurred that extraordinary consideration should have been centered around this territory of European arrangement. â€Å"When the countries of Europe got together in the late 1950’s, farming was imperative to their economies and even increasingly imperative to their way of life and societies† (Wyn, G. 1997 pg6) The regular Agricultural strategy which was at long last settled upon in 1962 what's more, completely executed in 1967 is to date the most completely coordinated zone in European approach. â€Å"Agricultural approach is the E.U’s most expound approach region and has consistently been the focal point of interest† (Molle, Willem. T. M. 2001 pg 222) In synopsis the Common Agricultural approach had five primary points these were to * Increase Agricultural efficiency * Ensure a reasonable way of life for Farmers. * Stabilize farming markets. * Guarantee ordinary supplies of food. * Ensure sensible costs for customers. (Dinan, Desmond 1994 pg 326) The Common Agricultural arrangement supplanted the frameworks in each of the country states and the â€Å"guiding principals were (and are) * A solitary market-farming produce ought to have the option to move openly all through the network. * Community inclination need ought to be given t... ...must be to additionally modernize the Regular Agricultural Policy and abstain from utilizing dated answers for fix present day farming issues. List of sources Dinan, D. (1999) Ever closer Union: An Introduction to European Joining (second release) Houndmills: Macmillan Press Ltd. El-Agraa, Ali M, (2001) The European Union Economics and Policies, (sixth release) Harlow: Pearson. George, S and Bache, I (2001) Politics in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nugent, N. (2003) The Government and Politics of the European Union (fifth release) Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, Robert, (2001) The governmental issues and Economics of the European association (second release) Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Wallace, H and Wallace W. (eds) (2000)Policy creation in the European Oxford: Oxford University Press Wyn, G. (1997) The Common Agricultural Policy Houndmills: Macmillan. In 1957 the Common Essay - Economics In 1957 the Common In 1957 the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was plot by the at that point six part states. The fundamental purpose behind the Common Agricultural approach was to make Agriculture an independent substance in The European Association. The six part conditions of the European Union proposed to do this by making a steady market for rural produce and simultaneously saving costs at a reasonable level for buyers. The leaders of the European Union (E.U) accepted that Agriculture was one of the most huge enterprises inside the E.U; .and as a result concurred that exceptional consideration should have been centered around this territory of European arrangement. â€Å"When the countries of Europe got together in the late 1950’s, farming was imperative to their economies and even progressively imperative to their way of life and societies† (Wyn, G. 1997 pg6) The regular Agricultural strategy which was at long last settled upon in 1962 what's more, completely executed in 1967 is to date the most completely coordinated zone in European strategy. â€Å"Agricultural strategy is the E.U’s most expound strategy territory and has consistently been the focal point of interest† (Molle, Willem. T. M. 2001 pg 222) In synopsis the Common Agricultural strategy had five fundamental points these were to * Increase Agricultural efficiency * Ensure a reasonable way of life for Farmers. * Stabilize farming markets. * Guarantee ordinary supplies of food. * Ensure sensible costs for customers. (Dinan, Desmond 1994 pg 326) The Common Agricultural arrangement supplanted the frameworks in each of the country states and the â€Å"guiding principals were (and are) * A solitary market-farming produce ought to have the option to move openly all through the network. * Community inclination need ought to be given t... ...must be to additionally modernize the Regular Agricultural Policy and abstain from utilizing dated answers for fix present day farming issues. List of sources Dinan, D. (1999) Ever closer Union: An Introduction to European Incorporation (second version) Houndmills: Macmillan Press Ltd. El-Agraa, Ali M, (2001) The European Union Economics and Policies, (sixth version) Harlow: Pearson. George, S and Bache, I (2001) Politics in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nugent, N. (2003) The Government and Politics of the European Union (fifth version) Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, Robert, (2001) The legislative issues and Economics of the European association (second version) Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Wallace, H and Wallace W. (eds) (2000)Policy creation in the European Oxford: Oxford University Press Wyn, G. (1997) The Common Agricultural Policy Houndmills: Macmillan.

Research in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research in Practice - Essay Example This will be done from investigation of existing writing concerning McDonalds and its Chinese market and outlets. McDonalds is one of the greatest drive-through joints on the planet. The fats food stores monster has been working in a few nations worldwide and as a rule it has outfoxed its rivals to remain the main inexpensive food shop around the world. The inexpensive food monster entered the Chinese market in the 1990 and has been operational from that point forward. There has in this manner been the need to examine and dissect its activity in China advertise so as to foresee the eventual fate of the café in China. Articles and diaries have been chosen for use in this exploration to help accomplish the destinations of the examination. McDonalds Corporation is an American world’s biggest cheap food chain that represents considerable authority in serving of burger in over a hundred nations all around. The inexpensive food monster has its head quarters in Illinois in the United States of America. The cheap food mammoth was established by agent Ray Kroc. McDonalds has three methods of activities in its different nations of tasks. The McDonalds eateries are either worked by the company itself, as a member or as an establishment. McDonald’s fundamental items incorporate cheeseburger, French fries, breakfast things, chicken burger, milkshakes and sodas. The drive-thru eatery has vigorously normalized its menus in its different outlets around the world .In certain situations be that as it may, the cheap food monster has adjusted its menu or extended it so as to address the issues of the nearby customers particularly in the Middle East. McDonalds made a passage into the china advertise in the year 1990.The inexpensive food gathering of eateries had an expanding and promising development rate in its quick three years of activity. Be that as it may, in the resulting years the development pace of the drive-through eateries was lower contrasted with the development rate between the year 1990 and 1993.This was because of various factors, for example, rivalry, social

25 Great Essay Collections from 2016

25 Great Essay Collections from 2016 I realized a little while ago that 2016 was shaping up to be a banner year for essays. It occurred to me that I could put together a list of collections that I read and loved or that I will make sure I read soon. I thought I would include 10 or so. But that hypothetical list of 10 quickly expanded to 15, and then 20, and then to 25, and I could add even more. But this list of 25 is an excellent starting point enough to keep you reading for a long time. The list below includes collections by novelists, poets, comedians, actors, bloggers, and activists. The first 17 have already been published, and the final 8 are forthcoming later this year. The list should have something for everyone: some of these books are funny, some are deeply personal, some are experimental, some are journalistic, some are literary. But all, I hope, will be thought-provoking and fun to read. The Fire This Time, edited by Jesmyn Ward: This anthology includes essays by writers such as Edwidge Danticat, Kiese Laymon, Claudia Rankine, Isabel Wilkerson, and more. Its a follow-up to James Baldwin 1963 book The Fire Next Time, looking at the African-American experience and the state of race relations in America today. Its a powerful and necessary collection. Known and Strange Things, Teju Cole: This book contains more than 50 essays on literature, photography, travel, and more. Coles voice is both intellectual and engaging; his insights into the world its politics, art, and culture illuminate modern-day life. Proxies: Essays Near Knowing, Brian Blanchfield: Blanchfields short essays bring together ideas and experiences you never thought could exist in one piece of writing. These essays are a mental work-out; they challenge and charm at once. They are poetic, confessional, brilliant. Violation, Sallie Tisdale: This volume collects essays from the 1980s through today. Tisdales work is varied in content but always full of sharp observations and insights about family, culture, science, writing, and more. Tisdales mind is a fascinating place; you never quite know what to expect or where an essay might take you. Bukowski in a Sundress, Kim Addonizio: These pieces are largely autobiographical; in fact, this book gets described as a memoir, but its really a collection of personal essays held together by Addonizios distinct voice and outlook on life. Shes had a rough life in some ways, and she writes about it and her struggles with writing in ways that are moving and hard to resist. So Sad Today, Melissa Broder: Broder is a poet and the genius behind the Twitter account @sosadtoday, where this book gets its name. About anxiety and life in the modern world, these essays are revealing and darkly funny. The Girls in My Town, Angela Morales: This book won the River Teeth Literary Nonfiction prize. It contains autobiographical essays about Moraless family in Los Angeles. It tells stories about growing up and coming to understand her intelligence, her role as a writer, and her place in the world. Shame and Wonder, David Searcy: A debut collection of 21 essays, this book combines a personal voice with a sharp critical eye. Searcys subjects are varied, but his perspective on the world is consistently surprising, fresh, and insightful. The Abundance, Annie Dillard: Dillard is renowned as a nature writer and is most famous for Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. This volume collects essays from throughout her illustrious career, including both famous pieces and lesser-known works. We Gon Be Alright, Jeff Chang: This is another in a series of great recent essay collections about race. Chang takes a look at Ferguson, Black Lives Matter, and other recent events and helps us understand ourselves and our country. Youll Grow Out of It, Jessi Klein: Klein is a writer and producer for the series Inside Amy Schumer, writing here about her experience of modern womanhood. These essays are funny and honest. White Sands, Geoff Dyer: These essays combine travel writing, memoir, and Dyers signature genre-bending prose and dry British wit. Known for Out of Sheer Rage and Yoga for People Who Cant Be Bothered to Do It, Dyer is a prose-writer worth reading at length. Calamities, Renee Gladman: Published by the fascinating small press Wave Books, this volume contains linked essays about writing and narrative. Gladman is a writer of experimental fiction and nonfiction, and these essays will both fascinate and challenge. Lost Wax, Jericho Parms: Partly autobiographical, these essays cover the authors life in the Bronx in the 80s and 90s as well as her travels around the world. They are also meditations on art, race, family, and identity. Everywhere I Look, Helen Garner: Garner is an acclaimed Australian writer of both fiction and nonfiction. This collection brings together essays from the past 15 years on topics as varied as the insults of aging, the ballet, her relationship with her mother, and rereading Jane Austen. Where Am I Now?, Mara Wilson: Wilsons subtitle is True Stories of Girlhood and Accidental Fame. The book contains essays about her experiences as a child star and on through her adolescence and into her adulthood. Wilsons writing is humorous and fun, as well as full of insight into what it means to be young and female. Im Judging You, Luvvie Ajayi: Ajayi is a comedian, activist, and blogger, and this is her debut collection of essays. She offers self-help with plenty of humor and wit, and covers pop culture, race, and media. My Private Property, Mary Ruefle (Wave Books, October 4th): Ruefle is a beloved poet as well as the author of the previous collection of essays Madness, Rack, and Honey. In My Private Property, we find short poetic essays and prose poems on a wide range of subjects. You Cant Touch My Hair, Phoebe Robinson (Plume, October 4th): Like the Jessi Klein collection, this is another book of essays by a comedian, and Robinson is, among many other things, co-host with Jessica Williams of the 2 Dope Queens podcast. This book is about her experiences as a black woman, including, among many other things, her feelings about her hair. Ill Tell You in Person, Chloe Caldwell (Coffee House Press, October 4th): This book will be published jointly by Coffee House Press and the ebook publisher Emily Books. Caldwell is the author of the essay collection Legs Get Led Astray, and in her new book writes personal pieces about, among other topics, her attempts to figure out what it means to become an adult. Upstream, Mary Oliver (Penguin Press, October 11th): Oliver has been publishing poetry to great acclaim since 1963. Her essays here reflect on her relationship to the natural world, to writing, and to the poetic inheritance she works within. Unbearable Splendor, Sun Yung Shin (Coffee House Press, October 11th): Sun Yung Shin is a poet, and in this book is writing poetic essays. Or maybe its essayistic poetry? Whatever we want to call it, this book explores the authors various identities, including being American, Korean, an adoptee, a mother, a Catholic, and a Buddhist. Not Just Jane, Shelley DeWees (Harper Perennial, October 25th): This collection explores the work and significance of seven women writing during Jane Austens time, including Charlotte Turner Smith, Sara Coleridge, and Mary Robinson. Together, the essays work to broaden our understanding of literary history. Eat Live Love Die, Betty Fussell (Counterpoint, November 15th): Fussell has written on many subjects, but most notably on food. She has published histories of food, cookbooks, food memoirs, and journalism. This collection brings together a variety of her published work. A Woman Looking at Men Looking at Women, Siri Hustvedt (Simon and Schuster, December 6th): Hustvedts subtitle is Essays on Art, Sex, and the Mind. She is known for novels such as  What I Loved and The Blazing World, as well as for multiple essay collections and works of nonfiction. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Float Pool Nurses - Free Essay Example

The existence of float pools and resource teams in the medical sectors serves to supplement the inadequate nursing staff in the hospitals and cut costs for hospitals. Float pools are beneficial to the hospitals, patients, but leaves nurses dissatisfied. While the research was conducted it utilized the use of other written articles and materials to find out the benefits and disadvantages of float pools Float pools serve as a source for nurses when hospitals need them. Hospitals can easily hire more nurses if need be or reduce them if they do not need them. Float pools are beneficial to hospitals as they help them save money on recruitment, beneficial to patients who have people to look after them. However, nurses felt dissatisfied with the use of float pools because the jobs are unstable. They therefore leave the float pools anytime for more stable jobs. Overall, float pools are a benefit to all stakeholders in the medical sector. The patients, hospitals, and the nurses benefit in different ways. While the nurses are in the float pools, they can be able to get work before they get permanent jobs. The use of float pools should therefore be encouraged through the country. In the future, however there is the need to conduct more research on the financial benefits of study pools to hospitals. The research implied that float pools are beneficial for the practice of nurses. Nurses should therefore take up jobs through float pools. Moreover, nurses should not be forced to float so that they can be less stressed. The research sought to find out how to help nurses cope with unfamiliar units while working. How do nurses cope with the stress associated with unfamiliar units? The research was used by collecting data with the use of questionnaires from float nurses. When the research was conducted, nurses identified four areas of concern for them as float nurses. Communication, routine, storage of personal equipment and admissions, transfer and discharge. When the nurses moved to unfamiliar units they are worried about the places available to store their personal equipment in addition to the routines they should follow in a given station. Further communication with other medical personnel such as doctors and pharmacist is a problem and the unit specific information they should know. In conclusion, nurses need to learn unit specific rules as well as hospital wide rules. Each unit has its own routine where other nurses can help a new nurse while hospital wide rules, which are applicable in all hospitals, care applicable. Future research should sought to help nurses cope with any kind of stress that they might encounter while working in a new unit. The practice implies that there is stress that nurses undergo when they join a new unit. Therefore un it nurses should be helped to cope with a new situation so that they can give their best at work The study sought to find out the staffing patterns between float pool nurses and scheduled unit staff nurses. Are float pool nurses given more difficult tasks than scheduled unit staff nurses are? A survey was carried out though observing and interviewing 217 nurses in various units. The study showed that there was great difference in the staffing patterns between float nurses and scheduled unit staff nurses. The float nurses were given more difficult tasks such as caring for patients in critical conditions or mentally confused patients. On the other hand, scheduled staff nurses were tasked with caring for nurses who were more stable both mentally and physically. As result, float pool nurses prove to be more stressed at work than the scheduled staff nurses. Float pool nurses are not contracted permanently and therefore they might be tasked by hospital heads to care for the difficult patients. However, they should not be marginalized because they are not permanent. If they are stressed at work, it will affect their performance. They should be distributed in hospitals equally to other nurses in the field. The nurses should be treated well because they help hospitals cut on administration costs as well as recruiting costs. The study is necessary for future studies concerni9ng float nurses. However, the number of nurses to be used in the research should be increased and the units to be researched should be well defined for clearer comparison. The study implied that float pool nurses receive more difficult patient’s situation than staffed nurses. Therefore, it is clear that float pool nurses have a hard time while practicing. The research finds out whether some nurses are given more difficult assignments than others are. Is it a fact or fiction that there is inequity of patients’ assignments? The research was carried out with the use of observation where nurses with over one year of experience were observed on the number of shifts they had and the tasks they were given. After the research was conducted, it was realized that some groups of nurses were given more work than others. Therefore, research proved the theory that there was inequality in assigning patients assignments. Nurses with more experience were given more tasks and more shifts than those with less experience do. The hospital heads were not aware of the fact some nurses had more tasks despite being the ones that give assignments. This shows that the heads are not keen on how they give assignments to nurses. Even after the observation was completed, it was discovered that the unfair distribution of work continued. The more experience that a nurse has at work the more work they are given. However, the inequality on work distribution leads to stress at work as those overloaded are pressured to work more hours involuntarily. The research will affect future research as in the future there is the need to go into deeper research on whether the people who are given more tasks are in good terms with the management. Moreover, those with lesser workloads should be observed to note whether they are deemed incompetent in their work in any way. The study implied that there might be unfair distribution of nursing duties not only in one hospital, but also in many institutions. It is therefore important for hospital heads to be more conscious while allocating duties to nurses to avoid stressing some nurses.

Buddhism A Of The Major Religions With An Intricate...

Buddhism is one of the major religions with an intricate history of system and beliefs. Siddhartha Gautama also known as Buddha â€Å"the awakened one†, the founder and leader of the Buddhism, lived from the periods of 566 BC to 480 BC (Buswell). Siddhartha Gautama was an Indian warrior king’s son so he lived a lavish life as he was the prince of the warrior caste. He got bored of his extravagant life as he lived on and went into the world to search and explore it for understanding. He wondered what happened outside of the palace and he finally got permission to explore the life of others outside the palace. His father, Shuddodana Gautama, believed that his son should not see the life of the poor and suffers of the people because he didn’t want Siddhartha to lead a religious life, therefore, only the healthy and well looking people got to meet and greet the prince. However, he still faced the truth as he chased some old men who accidently went into the parade th at he saw. He came across sick people, an ascetic, and a monk as he was greatly surprised to see such people existed. He found out about death and how one can die. After meeting the monk, Siddhartha said, â€Å"When ignorant people see someone who is old, they are disgusted and horrified, even though they too will be old someday. I thought to myself: I don’t want to be like the ignorant people. After that, I couldn’t feel the usual intoxication with youth anymore (Boeree).† Soon after he saw the sufferings of the world, heShow MoreRelatedEssay on Shintoism and Buddhism1210 Words   |  5 PagesShintoism and Buddhism The Japanese religions, including Shintosim and Buddhism, are rich and complex, and it contains many condradictory trends which may puzzle a Westerner. In the center of the tradition is Shinto, the natural religion of Japan. Also in the center is Buddhism, the Indian religion that was brought to Japan in the sixth century from Korea and China. 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Antigone vs. Kreon - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1356 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Antigone Essay Did you like this example? Upon currently taking a college course based upon what the good life consists of, Sophocles Antigone offers a new perspective that helps students gain a much better understanding of how others share a different view of what the good life may be. The play offers a multitude of situations, which allows for perfect opportunities to relate the playrs content to the class itself. In the first act, the audience is introduced to the characters Antigone and Kreon, who share separate moral and ethical views. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Antigone vs. Kreon" essay for you Create order Once analyzing the play, between Antigone and Kreon, Antigone is the most sympathetic character. Antigone is the most sympathetic character because she knew her original ambition and stayed on her own path, despite warnings and other characters attempts to steer her in another direction. It is also revealed later in the play that Kreonrs actions are the reason that many lives (including Antigone) had ended in misfortune, which is yet another reason that it is easier to sympathize more with Antigone rather than Kreon. Kreonrs ambitions are also shown throughout the play, and although Kreon had shown good morals towards the conclusion of the play, it was much too late. The morals of a character is one of the main factors the audience uses to determine the type of person they are, whether it may be leaning towards good or bad. In the beginning of Antigone, Antigoners ambition is shown clearly in which she wants to help her brothers. Although it is not known who these brothers are yet, it is given that they are in imminent danger and Antigone wants to help. Actions like the one shown in the very beginning with Anitgone explaining to Ismene You must decide whether you will help me or not (Sophocles 29) is a strong example of good morals, which gives Antigone more sympathy. To the audience, this line is a person asking another person for help to do something that they believe is good. It is true that just because that person believes so does not mean it is necessarily true, however, it is a quality of a sympathetic person. Another quality of a sympathetic person is doing what one believes is right, even whether others believe it is wrong. Antigone faced this situation with Ismene, who spends a reasonable amount of time convincing Antigone how much of a bad idea it is to go through with Antigoners ambition (16-51), due to the consequences being faced if Kreon were to find out. However, with Antigoners mind already made up, she decides to go through with her task. Kreon also does this later in the play, but what makes Kreonrs situation different is that Kreonrs decisions were made with negative intentions. Kreonrs belief is that the person Antigone was aiming to bury, Polyneices, is not a good person. This results in a declaration that Polyneices is not allowed to be buried, something that Antigone does not agree with. The audience can sympathize more with Antigone in comparison to Kreon, since the person in question is Antigoners brother. One crucial piece of information personally gained while taking this course is that doing something that others may not encourage may have justified reasoning as long as it is done with good intentions. This does not apply to all situations, but it is shown in countless examples throughout many reading pieces. For example, in Hermann Hessers Siddhartha, Siddhartha chooses to take the journey seeking enlightenment, despite not receiving support from his father and best friend. Siddharthars intentions were clear, and did not mean to cause harm to others. It is up to the audience to determine if a character deserves sympathy, whether it may be Siddhartha or Antigone, however Antigoners intentions were not harmful as well. Both of these characters perspective of the good life and what it consists of can be used towards oners own version of the good life, along with morals and ethics. Antigoners sympathy is drawn from her morals, which have shown to be positive in the play thus far. Although Antigone is easier to sympathize with, that is not to say that Kreon does not deserve any amount of sympathy. Both Kreon and Antigone held positive and negative attributes. As shown in Line 351, Antigone admits to the burial even though Antigone knew it was against the law. This gives Antigone less credibility, since there could have been better possible options. From Kreonrs perspective, he is a ruler, and believes that he must do what is best to protect Thebes. Although this is shows good ethic from Kreon, this does not justify any of Kreonrs actions or validate that he is morally a good person. Despite the positive and negatives from both Kreon and Antigone, what makes Antigone receive more sympathy is the permanent decision that Kreon makes based upon temporary feelings. This one action by Kreon led to a series of misfortunate events, which also causes the audience to take away any sort of sympathy they may have towards Kreon thus far in the play. Although Antigoners action is nonviolent, Kreonrs anger leads him to lock away Antigone in Line 710. Kreonrs anger towards Polyneices is translated through that one action, ultimately leading to three deaths. Antigone defends herself when confronted by Kreon, but Kreon does not listen despite Ismene and the Chorus pleads. Having an open mind is a characteristic of a person who not only has good morals, but is worth sympathizing. In the very beginning, when Ismene pleaded for Antigone not to go through with the burial, Antigone had listened to what Ismene had to say. The difference between Antigoners and Kreonrs reaction to those who are opposed to either one of their actions, is that Antigone took into consideration to what the opposing side (Ismene) had to say; which is shown through Antigone responding to Ismene with That must be your excuse, I suppose. But as for me (62). Kreonrs decision to lock Antigone away also lead to not only the death of Antigone, but also the death of his son and the fiance of Antigone (920-930). Kreon made a decision without realizing the impact that it may have on people, while in contrast, Antigone knew the impact that her decision would have of the burial. It is arguable that if Antigone had never went through with her original ambitions that the deaths would not have happened in the first place. However, Kreonrs decision was changed at a moment that was much too late. This is a major turning point for Kreon in the play, and Kreon gains back sympathy from the audience once he begins to realize the consequences of his actions. Antigone ends with Kreon realizing the misfortune he must endure due to one single action that he made. Kreon did not take other perspectives into consideration, and used the temporary anger he had towards Polyneices to make a permanent decision towards Antigone. This leaves the audience with gained perspective, as well as a look on how both Kreon and Antigone tried to achieve their own version of the good life. The audience can then apply the sympathy they gained towards these two characters to their personal versions of a good life. Both Antigone and Kreon have experienced plenty of misfortune, however, Antigone is the most sympathetic character of the two. Antigone and Kreon had different versions of what they though was right and wrong, however, their ambitions show their true character. Kreonrs ambition was to get avenge the mistakes Polyneices, while Antigone had merely intended to save Polyneices from death. When taken into account that not only did Kreonrs one action result in a series of misfortune, but Antigoners good ethics and ambition overpower Kreonrs as well. If Kreon had chosen a different course of action such as sympathizing with Antigone, the misfortunes could have been avoided. However, that was not the case, but fortunately that allows the audience to learn from both Antigone and Kreonrs flaws and weaknesses and apply that to their own lives. It is still just as important that the audience recognizes the sympathy Antigone deserved instead of the sympathy that Kreon could have received.

The Major Components, Strengths, and Limitations of Urie...

Developmental psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner first introduced the Ecologicial Systems model in the 1970’s. Bronfenbrenner argued that to understand human development, the environment in which the person belongs must be understood (Bronfenbrenner, U.1979). The Ecological Systems model concentrically depicts how a person’s development is influenced by their wider environment. In the original model there were four ecological levels in the system, however in 1979 Bronfenbrenner added an additional fifth level (Bronfenbrenner, U. 1994). With the developing person in the centre, the five progressive levels of environment include the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, marcosystem and the chronosystem. The microsystem refers to the activities, social roles and interpersonal relationships experienced by the individual in a face-to-face setting in their immediate environment. Examples of a microsystem include a child interacting with school friends and family. The mesosystem makes reference to the connections between the different aspects of the microsystem, for example the links between family and the work environment as the work environment can affect the family environment. The exosystem refers to the links between two or more settings with at least one of the settings not directly influencing the person, for example, the workplace of a parent and the home environment. The macrosystem is the overarching paradigms of the micro-, meso and exosystems. The macrosystem is theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Prenatal And Postpartum Maternal Distress On Children s Development1878 Words   |  8 PagesProblem Does what happens to the mother prior to birth impact the development of the child after birth? Factors that affect the mother in the prenatal have a major negative impact on the child’s development. Reviewer Comment Prenatal development is crucial to a healthy birth for both the mother and the child. Three trimesters define major portions and milestones of prenatal development. The milestones of prenatal development begin with the germinal phase, followed by the embryonic phase, ending

Essay on Comparing the Poetry of Lanston Hughes and...

Comparing the Poetry of Lanston Hughes and Countee Cullen Upon first glance the differences between Hughes and Cullen seem very clear. Hughes writes in rhythm, while Cullens writes in rhyme, but those are just the stylistic differences. Hughes and Cullen may write poems in a different style but they both write about similar themes. The time they wrote in was during the Harlem Renaissance, a time period when African Americans were discovering their heritage and trying to become accepted in the once white dominated society. The African Americans had their own cultures and their own style of music and writing but they wanted everyone to know they were still human, that they were still American, even though the differences in color were†¦show more content†¦An idea of focusing more on the American than on the African. Cullens poems seem to focus a lot more on the African heritage than on being an African American. His use of rhyme instead of just rhythm makes his poems flow well with his images and views. Heritage is clearly a poem about how African Americans should embrace their African heritage, and to remember all that African Americans had to go through to be what they are today, and to always fight to preserve their culture. Not only do African Americans need to understand their heritage but they must also show all of America that they are there and that they are Americans too. There are also African Americans who will not accept the simple fact that all are Americans, and they will still separate white from black, as is seen from the poem Uncle Jim. White folks is white, says uncle Jim, show to me that not all African Americans were ready for this new awakening and new point in history, that they were so set in their ways that there was no changing them. Hughes and Cullen are very similar, which really makes this comparison paper hard to write. Even though each poems were written in a different style, Hughes had his Musical and stanzaic structures (Tracy) and Cullens had his rhyme with emotion, they both wrote about the same things, and seemed to preach the same

Nonverbal Behavior in France Free Essays

The culture which I have chosen to select for examples of nonverbal behaviors typically associated with that culture would be the French. The French culture proved to be rich and plentiful in a variety of interesting nonverbal behaviors. One of the more classical French gestures would be the French pout. We will write a custom essay sample on Nonverbal Behavior in France or any similar topic only for you Order Now The French pout expresses disgust, disdain and many of what was described as â€Å"just about any negative emotion beginning with â€Å"dis† (French, 2007). To pout or â€Å"faire la moue† one pushes their lips out while bringing them back in, in a facial expression like a smooch or what could look like a quick pucker. According to my research, a bored facial expression is common to accompany this pout look. The nonverbal action or behavior for â€Å"let’s get the hell out of here† is represented by holding one’s hands out, with palms down while smacking one hand down onto the other (French, 2007). The word for this nonverbal action in French is â€Å"On se tire.† One of the other nonverbal gestures in France is in expressing your disbelief at what another person is saying to you, one would use his index finger, pull down the skin under one of your eyes while saying â€Å"Mon oeil!† In the research I read on this expression it stated that it was the same as if to say in America, â€Å"my foot† (French, 2007).   I personally never heard this expression so perhaps it’s not as commonly used now as it once was. Lastly, I chose a nonverbal expression that seemed kind of unusual to me. According to one of the sites I used, in French if you were saying someone was lazy you would hold out your hands, pull on an imaginary hair supposedly growing out of your hand while saying â€Å"Il a un poil dans la main† (Welcome, 2000). In the French culture, their nonverbal language and behavior can be used for ordinary conversation or for vulgar gestures. Much of the nonverbal language can look familiar while some of their nonverbal language can look unfamiliar to those outside of France. However, it has to be stated that the French definitely have a variety of interesting nonverbal expressions that can be used to enhance their conversations. References (2007). French Language. Retrieved April 14, 2007, from Understanding and Using French Gestures Web site: http://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa020901a.htm (2000). Welcome to the French website. Retrieved April 13, 2007, Web site:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.lerc.educ.ubc.ca/LERC/courses/489/worldlang/french/frenchcuHandcomm.html             How to cite Nonverbal Behavior in France, Essay examples

The Greek Chorus Essay Research Paper Greek free essay sample

The Grecian Chorus Essay, Research Paper Grecian calamity and comedy originated with the chorus, the most of import portion of the public presentation infinite was the orchestra, which means # 8216 ; a topographic point for dancing # 8217 ; ( orchesis ) . A typical tragic Greek chorus was a group of some 12 to fifteen masked work forces merely about to come in military service after some old ages of preparation ( Athenians were taught to sing and dance from a really early age. ) An old comedic chorus consisted of up to twenty four work forces. The attempt of dancing and singing through three calamities and a satyr drama was likened to that of viing in the Olympic Games. Like in Elizabethan theater, the work forces portrayed adult females. They made the passages between scenes, giving histrions the opportunity to come in and go forth the playing country, and announced what characters those histrions portrayed. But the map of the chorus goes beyond this. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greek Chorus Essay Research Paper Greek or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The choral odes, accompanied by dancing and music, were portion of the amusement itself. The chorus both commented on the events and participated in them, so that it was both involved in the action and detached from it. There was a choral leader who led the group, and as theater developed, who conversed with the histrion or histrions. In the mid-fifth century, after reconstructing the ruins of the Acropolis, Pericles built a recital-hall or odeion to the E of the Acropolis. This edifice was approximately square in form with a roof described as pyramidal or conelike. The Odeion of Pericles was used for many intents, one being the proagon, a ceremonial in which the dramatic poets announced the rubrics of their dramas and introduced their histrions. Members of the chorus would wait in the Odeion to do their entryway. The fifth-century skene was non a lasting edifice, but a impermanent building of wood, placed across the rear of the orchestral circle for the dramatic public presentations at each twelvemonth # 8217 ; s festival. Nevertheless its innovation brought about a monolithic alteration in theatrical pattern and in the semiologies of infinite. The inside of this flat-roofed edifice was the # 8216 ; wing # 8217 ; country, but in ocular footings it was non so much # 8216 ; behind # 8217 ; as # 8216 ; within # 8217 ; , an enclosed infinite which, like a existent house, was the rule of female characters. As a regulation, histrions could and did step out of the skene and fall in the chorus in the orchestra, but the chorus did non come in the skene. The masks of Greek Old Comedy were distorted imitations, sometimes of existent people. They were meant to be ugly and silly in maintaining with the farcical padded costumes worn by amusing histrions. While tragic histrions wore luxuriant pattern-woven garments which were similar to the robes of priests and instrumentalists, amusing histrions wore loose organic structure stockings padded at the chest, natess, and tummy, with long floppy Phalluss for the male characters. The chorus of Old Comedy was frequently composed of non-human animals, such as WASP, toads, birds, or even clouds.

Micro Organisms

Question : Discuss about the Nursing Micro Organismms ? Answer : Introduction Infection is the incursion of host body by micro-organisms, which then multiply inside hosts body tissues. Then the hosts body consequently responds towards the microbial toxins, which might result in illness. These infectious diseases are caused by the interaction of host, microbial agent, and environment. The transmission of infection occurs when the microbes go from the host or its reservoir through the portal of exit, using a suitable mode of transmission. Infectious agents then enter into the host body by a fitting portal of entry to cause infection to a vulnerable host. The order in which infectious disease is caused is often called as the chain of infection. For an infection to take place, it is crucial that all these links of the infection chain must be present in the sequential order. A healthcare worker must understand all the features of these infectious links so as to prevent the spreading of infection. The links are: Etiological agents These are micro-organisms which have the capable of causing infectious disease. Most of the infectious agents include bacteria, virus, fungi etc. Greater the virulence and pathogenicity of microorganisms, greater is their chain of causing an infection. Generally, the sources of infection can be divided into two categories: Endogenous/self-infection - This type of infection takes place when the micro-organisms which are often considered harmless at a particular site, cause infection when it reaches another site. For example, when Escherichia coli reach the urinary tract from the gastrointestinal tract, it causes a urinary tract infection (Ronald, 2003, pp. 71-82). Exogenous/cross-infection - This type of infection takes place when the micro-organisms reach the site of infection from another source. For example consumption of food contaminated with Salmonella species (Goldrick, 2003, pp. 105-6). Reservoirs It is the site where micro-organisms can effectively thrive. These reservoirs may include human beings, animals, and even the environment. These may or may not be the source of the microbial agent from which they are transmitted to host body. Various types of infectious diseases use the human body as their reservoirs. Commonly transmitted diseases that are transferred from one person to another without any intermediate are mumps, measles, venereal diseases, streptococcal infection, and respiratory infections. Some infectious agents are also present in animals. Generally, the infectious diseases are transmitted from animals to human beings under normal environmental conditions (zoonosis). For example, anthrax, brucellosis, plague, rabies etc. (Taylor, Latham Mark, 2001, pp. 983-9). Sometimes, the diseases from one animal to another are transferred via humans, acting as incidental hosts. Infectious microbes also use environmental vessels like soil, water, and plants as reservoirs. Exa mples include Legionella pneumophila (Greub Raoult, 2003, pp. 619-21), Histoplasma capsulatum (Kauffman, 2007, pp. 115-32) etc. It is the route by which the microbial pathogens move out of the reservoir. These are usually the locations where the microbes are localized. For instance, organisms causing flu may exit the host via the respiratory tract, schistosomes via urine, cholera via fecal route. Some microbes (rubella, syphilis) can pass from mother to children (Ebert, 2013, pp. 623-43), while other agents exit via needles or mosquito bites. Means of Transmission It refers to ways in which the microbes are transmitted. Infectious microbes may get transmitted in different ways. Usually, these types of transmission modes are classified as: Direct (via direct contact or droplets) - It occurs via direct contact via skin or via droplet scattering from sneeze or a cough from the infected host or the source containing infectious agents. Examples include venereal disease, intestinal disease from hookworm; meningococcal and pertussis infection. Indirect (via air, vehicle or mechanical or biological vectors) - It refers to transmission of infectious agent by air, living or non-living objects (Pica Bouvier, 2012, pp. 90-5). Examples include measles (via air), hepatitis A virus and botulinum toxin by Clostridium botulinum (via vehicles) and Shigella species and Yersinia pestis (flies as the vector). Portal of Entry It refers to the point/opening that allows the infectious microbes to enter the susceptible host. It includes different openings in the body, mucosal membranes, fresh wound on the skin or intubation in the body. These entry points must give entrance to the tissues in which the infectious pathogens can thrive. Sometimes, these microbes exploit the same point for entering and exiting the host body (influenza virus), while other pathogens use the different point of entry into and exit from the host (microbes causing gastroenteritis). Other examples include the mucous membrane for syphilis, skin for hookworm, and blood for the human immune-deficiency virus, hepatitis B. Susceptible Host It is the final component in the chain of infection. A susceptible host is a person who cannot defend itself against an invading micro-organism, its multiplication, and the resultant infection. The host is vulnerable to the infection due to lack of immunity or resisting ability to suppress the invasion by the pathogenic microbes. The vulnerability of host depends on their constitutional or genetic make-up. The host's genetic constitution may either enhance or reduce their susceptibility towards infectious disease. For instance, people who are carriers of sickle cell traits are found to be immune towards a particular type of malaria infection (Serjeant, 2010, pp. 425-9). The speci?c immunity provided by the defensive antibodies which are specifically directed against particular antigens. These antibodies may be developed by the susceptible hosts body in response to a vaccine, infection or toxins which have already been inactivated but still retains their capacity to activate the produ ction of antibodies or may be transferred from mother to their unborn child via placental transfer or via administration of immunoglobulins or antitoxin. The non-specific parts of the immunity system that protect the host body against infectious disease include the mucosal membrane, skin tissue, ciliary processes present in the respiratory passage, cough response, gastric acid etc. Various factors that may enhance the susceptibility of a host towards infectious disease by disturbing the host defense system include alcoholism, malnutrition and diseases or treatment that weakens the non-specific immune response of the host. Conclusion The purpose of studying the various components of the infection cascade is to find better ways of controlling infectious diseases. The knowledge of the means of transmission of infectious microbes along with their portals of exit and entry provides us with a strong basis for developing appropriate control measures which are frequently directed against the most susceptible components in the chain of infection. References Ebert, D. (2013). The epidemiology and evolution of symbionts with mixed-mode transmission. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44, 623-643. Goldrick, B. A. (2003). Foodborne Diseases: More efforts needed to meet the Healthy People 2010 objectives. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 103(3), 105-106. Greub, G., Raoult, D. (2003). Morphology of Legionella pneumophila according to their location within Hartmanella vermiformis. Research in Microbiology, 154(9), 619-621. Kauffman, C. A. (2007). Histoplasmosis: a clinical and laboratory update. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20(1), 115-132. Pica, N., Bouvier, N. M. (2012). Environmental factors affecting the transmission of respiratory viruses. Current Opinion in Virology, 2(1), 90-95. Ronald, A. (2003). The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. Disease-a-Month, 49(2), 71-82. Serjeant, G. R. (2010). One hundred years of sickle cell disease. British Journal of Haematology, 151(5), 425-429. Taylor, L. H., Latham, S. M., Mark, E. J. (2001). Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 356(1411), 983-989.

How to Prepare a MAIL Sample College Essay

How to Prepare a MAIL Sample College EssayWhile it is true that a sample MAIL sample college essay can give you an edge in your applications for admission to college, you also need to be sure that you are submitting an essay that is accurate and well-written. The purpose of an essay is to entertain, stimulate thinking, and help students establish a solid foundation for their personal and academic future.Writing an MAIL sample college essay is not hard to do, however. After all, the MAIL is based on the same format that millions of other students are submitting. Therefore, when you take the time to create a sample, you are not only proving to others that you are competent but also that you have sufficient ambition and perseverance to succeed in life. In addition, the MAIL sample college essay format is easy to follow, even for students who have never written any kind of essay before.However, it is still important to make sure that you are submitting a sample essay to which you will wa nt to give credit when you are called upon to write one for another. This way, you can really give them credit for their accomplishments, even if you are writing them to yourself. It is also helpful to be honest and open with the MAIL sample college essay so that other people who will view it will know what kind of material you are taking seriously.One way to really get credit for your MAIL sample essay is to make it as specific as possible. Ask the teacher to add any words to the title of the essay that you wish to have included. Write about anything that is interesting about your family, your home, or your school and anything else that you believe will add to the essay. Furthermore, it is also important to write about the experiences that will help you in your future endeavors.Finally, writing a MAIL sample college essay should not be based on the desire to impress the teacher or professors with your creativityor writing skills, but rather, it should be based on the true academic components that will reflect upon your future as an educator. You can make a special reference to your future goals and aspirations by giving them credit in your MAIL sample essay.You can even make a point of mentioning the year and grade level of the student whom you are writing for as this will enhance the students' confidence and show them that you know what they are capable of in the future. Lastly, you can express your gratitude for them for their assistance by indicating that they played a part in helping you accomplish the purpose of your MAIL sample essay.Writing a MAIL sample college essay can be very exciting and worthwhile. However, it should be noted that you must have patience and sincerity with your projects so that you do not lose your chance to get into college, but rather, achieve the grades you need to do so.

Venus Inc.

Problem Identification Venus Inc. is a company located in the United States that deals with medical supplies. Having operated in the United States for 12 years, it hopes to expand its operations across the world. The company has four major departments including sales, marketing, supplying and manufacturing all of which work together to enhance the performance of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Venus Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The managing director, Kimberly Johnson, has been the manager of the company for the last seven years and has seen diminished growth of the company in terms of productivity and performance. Indeed, the company has recorded losses for the last three years. This has raised concerns for the stakeholders and Kimberly seeks to reverse the trend by enhancing a positive organizational behavior. Particularly, she has explored various reasons that could have led to the do wntrend that the company experiences. At the outset, she notes that the organization has four incoherent departments. The sales department head, Ryan Kiste has steered his department to growth notwithstanding the poor performance exhibited by other departments. Nonetheless, he has always been at loggerheads with other departmental heads owing to his ability to inspire performance within his department. During management meeting with Kimberly, the differences among the managers remained apparent, as they have already created divisions among the employees. Kimberly realized that the problem is deep rooted in the organizational behavior of the company. She therefore seeks to see the solutions that the managers would present to respond to the diminishing performance. It also comes to light that the employees’ motivation has decreased and Ryan pinpoints that lack of a remuneration strategy could have been the major cause of divisions among both employees and managers. Organization al Level Analysis of Venus Inc Organization Culture Organizational culture of an organization refers to the prevalent practices are common within departments of a company (McKenna 2000, p. 56). It distinguishes the organization from other organizations and makes it unique. Normally, organizations use their culture as a competitive edge over their rivals. It fosters common beliefs and practices within an organization and cultivates a sense of the belongingness among the employees. According to McKenna (2000, p. 58), organizational culture is instrumental in ensuring that the practices and beliefs of people remain in line with the organization’s needs and ensures that a company is able to achieve its goals of maximizing on profits and revenues. To that end, all organizational practices and beliefs are synchronized in such a way that they reflect the organizations core values and vision (Black 2003, p. 71).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For Venus Inc., the organizational culture seems to be a major problem. Every department seems to have differentiated practices that have led to a fragmented organization. The beliefs possessed by employees working in Ryan’s department seem to be different from those of other departments. Therefore, Venus Inc. faces challenges in coming with a uniform organizational culture that guides the employees and ensures that the identity of the organization is upheld. Further, the employees seem to be following the respective departments’ practices and have no shared beliefs, norms and practices that guide their code of conduct. Indeed, it is reasonably hard for Ryan to influence and motivate employees belonging to other departments to achieve their goals. Hofstede organizational culture demands that all organization’s employees have a shared mentality and assumptions to guide the identity of the organ ization. This culture entails the ability of the managers to have a mind changing training in which all members get to understand the importance of the organizational culture as a source of belongingness and shared values and beliefs. It is also noteworthy that informal sub cultures have emerged within the organization. McKenna (2000, p. 83) points out that the managers ought to be wary that subcultures that groups form may be detrimental if they deviate from the goals of the organization. Organizational structure Jex Britt (2008, p. 82) articulate that organization structure refers to the job and work design in which all members of the staff have clearly defined roles. Apparently, Venus Inc. follows bureaucratic structures typical of downwards communication since the designation of roles assumes a hierarchical structure. Kimberly is answerable to the board of directors while the departmental heads reports to the managing director. Subsequently, the departmental heads ensure that t he employees in their respective departments are effective and work in line with the envisaged objectives of increased productivity. Not only should the departments work together to enhance the performance of the organization, they should also strive towards establishing common beliefs and attitudes through effective inter departmental communication and sharing (Jex Britt, 2008, p. 91).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Venus Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is imperative to note that Venus Inc. has had structural problems that have challenged the ability of the managing director to point out potential areas that could be detrimental to the performance of an organization. Apparently, Kimberly realizes a little too late that the ineffectiveness within the organization stems from lack of an organizational structure. Communication seems to be ineffective while the employees seem to have decreased motivation. According to Handy (1993, p.12), an organizational structure should enhance the efficiency of all aspects of the organization including communication and performance. Venus Inc. lacks strategy that would see a regulative superior structure where all departments are able to highlight areas that they feel are not effective as expected and envisaged in the organizational culture. Buchanan Huczynski (2010, p. 45) highlight that horizontal differentiation seems to be the major cause of ineffectiveness within the company since every department performs different roles. Besides, the bureaucratic structure has led to diminished returns since some departments have not performed uniformly with the rest. The conflict arising among the departmental heads are caused by lack of communication and shared vision on how some roles should be divided (Jex Britt, 2008, p. 91). This has resulted to poor identification of problems leading to demoralized employees and divisions within the organization. Group Level Analysis Of organization Behavior In the context of Venus Inc, the there are numerous group dynamics that an individual can pin point being the challenge. At the outset, it is critical to analyze the work groups primarily composed by the employees as a major source of divisions in the company. Group level analysis in organization behavior dwells on the conflicts, satisfaction and motivation of the groups (Handy 1993, p.19). All organizations have groups that allow them to achieve their goals and as such, group dynamics are present. The implication of inability to resolve group tensions and hostilities in Venus Inc seems to the major cause of the perceived divisions among employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Ryan pointed out, the divisions within the company results from the reluctance of the managers to resolve issues surrounding the motivation and heightened by the constant disagreements by the organization’s departmental heads. Besides, lack of a clear strategy to remunerate the employees has resulted to innumerable challenges where employees fulfill their roles without enthusiasm. Group dynamics require the comprehension of the fact that different members of the work groups belong to different stages of maturity. In Venus Inc, only the sales department workers seem to have achieved the maturity phase. Maturity phase demands that a group should be in a position to execute and perform their duties professionally without allowing emotions to dictate their course of action. This is apparent in the company since the workers have been able to perform notwithstanding the reluctance shown by other work groups. Ryan’s department has been the major department that has not rec orded decreased performance and as such, it has played a significant role of propelling the performance of the organization. The rest of the groups seem to suffer from individualism and allow their feelings to overlook the importance of working together in the organization to achieve the goals of the organization (Handy 1993, p.20). To that end, the groups are yet to get to the maturity phase and development strategies should focus on the ability of the organization to have the maturity of the groups. At this level of group analysis in organizational behavior, there should be clear-cut roles for every group to enhance the required cohesiveness within the organization. Teamwork and collectiveness should inspire the work groups of the organization with the aim inspiring improved performance. Individual Level Analysis of the organization Apparently, individual analysis of an organization refers to various aspects of an organization that are central to specific individual (Black 2003, p . 71) Such aspects as motivation, task performance, perception, ethical standpoints, learning as well as satisfaction are just a few aspects of individual level analysis of organization behavior. In this case, leadership style that an organization assumes is important and allows the employees to become motivated in their duties. Venus Inc has an authoritative style of leadership that has severed the ability of the employees to learn during their task performance. In fact, authoritative leadership has diminished impacts in boosting the performance of any organization as the employees begin to feel alienated. Tooksoon Mudor (2011, p. 47) say that authoritative leadership rarely takes into consideration that employees needs support as they fulfill their duties which leads to improved performance and ultimately, to increased customer and job satisfaction. It is important for the managers to understand that authoritarian management style demoralizes the employees and has been a cause fo r decreased job productivity and performance. Ryan and Kimberly have proved to be authoritarian managers who expect performance due to their assertiveness and decisiveness. This has consequently resulted to poor performance due to decreased participation by employees in making important decisions regarding Venus Inc. Further, it is critical to note that majority of the employees receive motivation from the leadership style as well as remuneration and appreciation of their performance (Tooksoon Mudor 2011, p. 47). To that end, Venus Inc has failed to come up with a strategy to remunerate their employees leading to decreased performance of the organization as their motivation has lowered substantially. This implies that an organization should be able to appreciate positive performance and show recognition of individuals with outstanding performance. Recommendations Upon the analysis of the organization behavior in Venus Inc, it is important for the management of the company to device and design a strategy that will lead to improved performance and enriched organization behavior. The strategy ought to guide the human interactions within the organizations and improve the organization’s tendency of decreased performance. At the outset, the organization should be in a position to form a coherent organizational culture in which all employees will have shared values and beliefs. This will lead to a unique identity of the organization, which in turn will give the organization a competitive edge over its rivals (Buchanan Huczynski 2010, p. 67). Besides, Venus Inc should enhance the cohesiveness of the organization by dealing with sub cultures that are apparent within the organization. Second, it is important for Venus Inc. to change its organization structure to enhance superior performance of the company since it is clear that the current bureaucratic structure has led to top down communication, which makes employees to feel alienated. To that end, the managem ent team should assume a contingency or an instructional model that seem responsive to the participative needs of the employees. In fact, contingency approach to organizational structure requires that the management to resolve issues as they emerge rather than anticipating issues. Further, the organization should be able to comprehend the group dynamics that are typical of conflicts and divisions among the work groups. Venus Inc should enhance its ability to address the sources of conflicts within the groups by changing their mentality to coincide with organizations needs and encouraging members to work in teams. This will remove the individualism witnessed in the organization. It is also important to adopt appropriate leadership style in the organization to avoid the risk of demoralizing the employees, which in turn may lead to lowered enthusiasm and ultimately, the performance of the organization. Transformational and supportive leadership styles assist employees to learn and are typical of support and encouragement (Black 2003, p. 91). Finally, Venus Inc ought to devise a strategy of remuneration of employees to avert the risk of dissatisfaction and decreased motivation. It should introduce bonuses for superior performance and appreciate individuals who post exceptional performance. References Black, R 2003, Organizational Culture: Creating the Influence Needed for Strategic Success, Oxford University Press, London UK. Buchanan, D Huczynski, A 2010, Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, London. Handy, C 1993, Understanding Organizations, Oxford University Press, London. Jex, S Britt, T 2008, Organizational Psychology, A Scientist-Practitioner Approach, John Wiley Sons, Boston, Massachusetts. McKenna, F 2000, Business Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Psychology Press, New York. Tooksoon, P Mudor, H 2011, â€Å"Conceptual Framework on the Relationship between Human Resource Management Practices, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover,† Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 41-49. This essay on Venus Inc. was written and submitted by user Abigail Dixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

bipolar disorders essays

bipolar disorders essays Bipolar disorders are a class of Axis I mood disorders with severe physical, social, and psychological consequences to the patient, the patients friends and family, and society as a whole. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., the lifetime prevalence for the three main types of bipolar disorders (bipolar type I, bipolar type II, and cyclothymic disorder) combined is approximately 1-2% percent, and unlike major depressive disorders, bipolar disorder is equally common among both men and women. The disorder appears to be mostly genetic, with a concordance rate of 40% among monozygotic twins and 15-20% among first degree relatives. As the name implies, patients who suffer from bipolar disorder constantly shift between the two poles of the affective spectrum, that is, from depression to mania (or hypomania). There is no specific pattern that allows clinicians to predict what affective state the patient will present next, nor when he or she will cycle into a manic or depressive state. The fact that many patients can often last in a state of affective normalcy for years and then suddenly lapse into depression or mania makes this disorder horrendously difficult for the patient, clinician, and anyone involved in the patients life. The category of bipolar disorder is comprised of three distinct disorders, the first and most common of which is bipolar type I disorder. In this disorder, patients experience episodes of both depression and full-blown mania, normally in a somewhat slow cycle. The depressive episodes are similar to those found in major depression, and if left untreated will usually withdraw in 3 to 4 months. Manic episodes are much more difficult to predict, as they are particularly unique to each individual. Because mania is the defining feature of bipolar disorder (i.e. the differentiating criteria between bipolar and unipolar depression), some time should be spe...

Management, People and Organisations - Managing the United Kingdom Essay - 1

Management, People and Organisations - Managing the United Kingdom National Health Service - Essay Example Finally, the paper discusses the functions of management and the skills required to perform the managerial role and focuses on the "control" function to determine whether or not it can be performed without managers. Management is defined by Koontz and Weihrich (2004) as the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which, individuals, working in groups, efficiently accomplish selected goals. There are different definitions regarding what management precisely is. In another definition â€Å"Management is the art of getting things done through people† (Daft, 2005). According to these definitions, the key role of management is to get things done by the people, through creating a suitable environment in which they can achieve organisational goals. The case study shows that many clinicians have taken on managerial roles into their existing role, in a bid to make a difference. This involvement in management can be time consuming and actually conflicts with their clinical roles. It is obvious that many of the symptoms which the case study demonstrates can be directly linked to conflict of roles. A role is â€Å"a set of expectations and obligations to act in a specific way in a certain context† (Rollinson, 2008). In any given role, there are two aspects: The role player and his obligation toward the role, and the role setter who has expectations from the person performing the role. â€Å"Role conflict arises from inadequate role definition. The manner in which a person actually behaves may not be consistent with their expected pattern of behaviour. Such inconsistency leads to a number of results which reflect negatively on the manager’s performance and morale†. (Leicester MPO, 2007) The first result is incompatibility of role. It arises when compliance with being a clinician makes it very difficult to comply with being a manager. Middle managers often face this problem with their senior and junior managers. (Leicester MPO, 2007) As

Cycladic Art of Ancient Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cycladic Art of Ancient Greece - Essay Example The visitors viewing the Cycladic art of archaic Greece are amazed by the simplicity of the images and abstraction features that motivate the art industry in the 20th century. The museum receives various kinds of people visiting the place to see the sculptures that inspire the modern art by their structures (Miller et al, 128). Both the young and the old persons from different continents have visited the museum in search of the Cycladic Art. Some of the personalities that established the museum; hence, making its constructions possible are Nicholas and Dolly in 1960s. The two individuals used to collect Cycladic figurines for a long time until they had a large collection. The collections were then distributed to different museums across the world. This factor caused the town to come up with a museum to keep Cycladic figurines safely and preserve them to prevent their extinctions (Miller et al, 128). It is estimated that 3000 artifacts of Cycladic have been discovered and are preserve d in the museum for display. The Greek name for Cyclades is Kyklades referring to a circle that is formed by innumerable islands that are approximated to be 200, and located around the significant Island known as Delos. The area consisting of the small Cycladic islands in the Aegean became a place in which culture was exceptionally esteemed and practiced by the residents living in the area along time ago (Gardner & Fred, 68). The island had innumerable mining grounds that consisted of white marble, which encouraged and led the residents to practice modeling sculptures. Consequently, the core culture practiced in the area was the culture of stone-cutting. The most inimitable creation of the... The Cycladic arts of ancient Greece assist in understanding the historical and civilizing ways of life of a person. They are exceptionally popular across the world resulting to the construction of a museum in Athens, Greece that protects and preserves the artifacts. Cycladic art of ancient Greece is traced from 3300 to 2000 BCE and refers to the visual arts that existed in Cycladic civilization. Aegean Art comprises of 3 core branches, one of the branches being Cycladic art. The name ‘Cycladic art’ is derived from the Cyclades islands in which innumerable figures were found during the expeditions of the archeologists. The image of the figures amazed certain artists such as Picasso who was amazed on the classical and maturity of Greeks inhabitants’ art had at the time. Their stubby shapes make them appear tiny images, and perceived as clay-sculpted. The art is related to Minoans and Mycenaean, the 2 groups comprising the Aegean culture. Art is a significant aspect that explains mysteries and civilizations of man throughout the early days, since it depicts the state of things in the earlier society. In this unit, significance and general information on Cycladic art of ancient Greece is discussed aptly. The core facts learnt about the artifacts is that they were treasured and exceptionally esteemed by the inhabitants living at the period. Consequently, the researcher recommends and advises the Greek government to protect the artifacts since they play a prominent role in describing the cultural activities of the people.

Disney Corporation Losses EuroDisney Paris

Disney Corporation Losses EuroDisney Paris Cultural Euro Disney The word ‘management originated in America and ever since assumptions have been made about the universal acceptability and success of their business practices. There are a number of international ventures which have failed miserably due to Americans not considering the cultural aspects when entering into business in a new country. Euro Disney is a perfect example of the failure of American business processes in another country. The primary aim of this article is to explain how Euro Disney suffered the costs of cultural miscalculations. Geert Hofstedes work on culture has served as the theoretical basis of this article. His dimensions of culture have been used to explain differences in American and French cultures the problems that occurred at Euro Disney. American businesses make assumptions about the transferability of their business, management, marketing, economic and structural models of organizing which frequently fail to take into consideration cultural differences. An example of the consequences of such an approach to intercultural business practice can be found in the Disney Corporations recent European venture, now called Disneyland, Paris. Lack of cultural sensitivity and the negative infiltration strategy used by the Disney Corporation resulted in a great loss of time, money and reputation for which the corporation has only recently begun to compensate. It is the primary thesis of this article that the initial losses experienced by the Disney Corporation may have been prevented if only its representatives had known then what they know now: simply put, that organizations are not distinct, separate entities capable of functioning outside their physical, social and cultural environments. That insight, of course, calls for a different approach to international business, one which begins with the most basic aspect of human organizations, namely effective, meaningful, communicative interactions between people. As international business is becoming critically important in this world of globalization, so is the need to understand cultures, cross cultural psychology and people across nations. There is a lot of focus on cultural studies and plenty of research is done in this area. Yet, there is a lot of scope for further studies due to the gaps in the research. Today there are several models which help understand how people from different nations are expected to act; the one by Geert Hofstede has become the most influential (Hong, Zhang Stump 2007, p. 60) The cultural dimensions by Geert Hofstede have served as the specific theoretical framework for this study. Although there are many criticisms to the Hofsteds model and his dimensions yet there is no other study that compares so many other national cultures in so much detail. Simply this is the best there is. (Mead chapter 2: pg 51) With the advancements in communication and technology, the physical distance between countries is diminishing (Angur et al. , 1994; Jandt, 1995; Samovar and Potter, 1995). This physical distance is not the only thing that needs to be bridged in order to when practicing international commerce. Hofstedes dimensions reflect a nations value system. From further reading into this dissertation have tried to show how American business management tends to assume that they have the best business people that lead to them having the best business practices. While they may work very successfully in their or cultural setting, they do not work across borders. Importance of the study: Scope of the study: Why did you choose this topic? There are many studies that have been conducted in the area of cross cultural psychology, but none that have tried to connect the problems faced at Euro-Disney to Hofstedes dimensions. These dimensions have served as the specific theoretical framework for this study. Purpose, what are we trying to do These dimensions reflect a nations value system. Power distance and Uncertainty Avoidance affects how an organization is structured and how it functions. The two main problems that an organization can face are How to distribute power, and How to avoid uncertainty. Through this research, have tried to show how these two factors were taken for granted at Euro Disney. Furthermore, this research aims at studying the implications of the four dimensions on the working of MNCs and How will it help others and how can they use it for further research My work is a sincere effort to contribute to cultural literature. I hope it proves to be beneficial for further research studies. Overview of the study: Chapter 3 (Case of Euro Disney): This chapter describes all the stages of the research process in carrying out the present study. In particular this chapter gives a clear definition of the research method employed including sampling and data analysis. Chapter 2 (Literature review): This chapter will begin by outlining the existing literature on the concepts of brands, brand image, private brands and consumers perceptions toward private brands. Also in an attempt to meet the main research objective, the other areas (sub-objectives of this research study) such as  consumers attitudes preferences, brand loyalty, brand awareness toward private brands and positioning strategies of private brands have been rigorously discussed, which will provide full support to this research study. Chapter 4 (Discussion): This chapter discusses the results of the research, in particular, presenting statements made by informants with regards to themes that emerged from the transcripts. The chapter ends with a summary taking into account the exploratory nature of the research, and the importance of insight. Chapter 5 (Conclusion Recommendations): This chapter deals the conclusion of the present research study. It will be presented in light of research findings from Chapter 4. By referring to existing literature the discussion will highlight major findings in conjunction to identity development. At the end of the chapter, recommendations for further research will be given. Literature Review As Americans, the word â€Å"Euro† is believed to mean glamorous or exciting. For  Europeans it turned out to be a term they associated with business, currency, and  commerce. Renaming the park â€Å"Disneyland Paris† was a way of identifying it with one of the most romantic and exciting cities in the world (Eisner). Culture 500-700 Layers of culture 200 Cultural studies Cross cultural management 500-600 Importance of hrm in a cross cultural context International Business and importance of CCM Importance of culture in a international context 500 Theoretical background : Hofstedes diemsions of culture 1300 Case 1100 Reasons 1000 Discussion :using hotsedes dimensions explaining differences cross continents and cultures 2000 Conclusion 600-700 limitations of the study, limitations of hofsteds model American business leaders often assume that physical distance is the only gulf that needs to be bridged in international commerce. (473 pg1. last line) As a matter of fact bridging this gap is just one of the steps in international business. It is much more complicated and a number of factors need to be kept in mind. According to Adler (1986:13)in 473 it is the lack of academic interrogations by cultural scholars that has lead to ‘American parochialism Culture Culture is an umbrella word that encompasses a whole set of implicit, widely shared beliefs, traditions, values and expectations that characterize a particular group of people(Consumer behaviour in travel and tourism By Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld, p393). There are as many definitions of culture as there are people who have tried to define it. While some phrase it in terms of ‘metal programs others define it as the characteristics a person possesses. Hofstede (1994) defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (p. 180). While according to Kroeber and Parsons, culture is transmitted and created content and patterns of values, ideas and other symbolically meaningful systems as factor in the shaping of human behaviour and the artifacts produced through behaviour(pdf 473 page 2) According to Schein culture is ‘A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. Organizational Culture Leadership by Edgar H Schein October 1996. According to Schein Culture exists at three levels, artifacts, exposed values and basic assumptions. Pizam (1993) also believes that there are levels of culture in the society. Firms and organizations are a part of the society/system and thus culture has an impact on them. Pizam argues that organizations are culture-bound, rather than being culture-free (Pizam, 1993: p. 219)-MMp2 Today there is growing importance of culture in cross border interactions. The role of human resources is very crucial as well. Effective human resource decisions and cultural sensitivity form two pillars for the success of an international business venture. The phrase ‘Cross cultural management was first coined by †¦in the year†¦. There are examples of companies who failed due to HRs ignorance and cultural miscalculations. Theoretical background:- Hofstedes Dimensions Cultural dimensions by halls,trompenars, hofstedes, globe study. Although there are many criticisms to the Hofsteds model and his dimensions yet there is no other study that compares so many other national cultures in so much detail . Simply this is the best there is. ( Mead chapter 2: pg 51) As international business is becoming critically important in this world of globalization, so is the need to understand cultures and people across nations. There is a lot of focus on cultural studies and plenty of research is done in this area still there is a lot of scope for further studies due to gaps in research. Today there are several models which help understand how people from different nations are expected to act, the one by Geert Hofstede has become the most influential (Hong, Zhang Stump 2007, p. 60) Hofstedes Dimensions of national culture- Power Distance Index (PDI): Large versus Small power distance The basis for this dimension is the fact that inequality exists at all levels and areas of the society. Inequality exists in areas such as wealth, social status, power and prestige. The word ‘power distance is taken from the work of Mulder (Reference hofstede p71). According to Mulders Power Distance Reduction theory, subordinated try to reduce the gap in power between them and their superiors. On the other hand the superiors try to maintain or increase the power distance. The PDI norm deals with the desirability or undesirability of dependence versus independence in society (Hofstede p. 93). Power distance is described as the degree to which there is unequal distribution of power in a society. This is accepted by the members of a society, organizations and nations which are less or more powerful. Behaviour of members of such institution is affected by the degree of power they posses. A high power distance index is characterized by hierarchical orders, close supervision, autocratic decision making and unequal distribution of power. Everybody has a place in the system which needs no clarification or justification. According to Hofstedes dimensions, Malaysia has the highest score on power distance (104) thus implying that the management would use a top-down information flow and there would be autocratic and paternalistic decision making. In a low PDI society, subordinates with the senior management together make decisions and have strong work ethics. It is characterised by equal distribution of power. Sweden is low on PDI (31)Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV) It deals with how members of a society view themselves compared to the rest of the society and is measured from completely collective (0) to completely individualistic (100). Individualism stands for a preference for a loosely knit social framework in society wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate families only. Collectivism, on the other hand, stands for a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals can expect their relatives, clan, or other in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty (it will be clear that the word collectivism is not used here to describe any particular political system). Hofstedes own definition is:Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between the individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Collectivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which throughout peoples lifetimes continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. † Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 76 The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among individuals: an extremely fundamental issue, regarding all societies in the world. It relates to peoples self-concept: T or we Thus, typical traits of countries scoring high on individualism is a frequent use of the word I (in comparison to emitting it, like in Spanish), tendency to live in small households and the expectation on people to have personal opinions on most matters. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were USA (91), Australia (90) and Great Britain (89) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Guatemala (6), Ecuador (8) and Panama (11) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, pp. 78-79). Masculinity (MAS) versus Femininity Masculinity stands for a preference in society for achievement, heroism,assertiveness, and material success. Its opposite, Femininity, stands for a preference for relationships, modesty, caring for the weak, and the quality of life. Hofstedes definition goes as follows; â€Å"A society is called masculine when emotional gender roles are clearly distinct: men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. A society is called feminine when emotional gender roles overlap; both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. †Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 120 Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS) is somewhat unluckily named, since the name tends to give people associations with highly political matters although the dimension doesnt deal with those. A better name might have been Gender role stability, since this is what the dimension actually deals with. This fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the way in which a society allocates social (as opposed to biological) roles to the sexes. Some societies strive for maximum social differentiation between the sexes. The norm is then that men are given the more outgoing, assertive roles and women the caring, nurturing roles. As in all societies most institutions are populated by men. Such maximum-social-differentiation societies will permeate their institutions with an assertive mentality. Such societies become performance societies evident even from the values of their women. these societies are referred to as masculine. (In the English language, male and female are used for the biological distinctions between the sexes; masculine and feminine for the social distinction. A man can be feminine, but he cannot be female. ) Other societies strive for minimal social differentiation between the sexes. This means that some women can take assertive roles if they want to but especially that some men can take relationship-oriented, modest, caring roles if they want to. Even in these societies, most institutions are populated by men (maybe slightly less than in masculine societies). The minimum-social-differentiation societies in comparison with their opposite, the maximum-social-differentiation societies, will permeate their institutions with a caring, quality-of-life orientated mentality. Such societies become welfare societies in which caring for all members, even the weakest, is an important goat for men as well as women. such societies are referred to as feminine. Masculine and feminine are relative qualifications: they express the relative frequency of values which in principle are present in both types of societies. The fact that even modern societies can be differentiated on the basis of the way they allocate their social sex role is not surprising in the light of anthropological research on non-literate, traditional societies in which the social sex role allocation is always one of the essential variables. Like the Individualism-Collectivism dimension, the Masculinity-Femininity dimension relates to peoples self-concept: who am l and what is my task in life? MAS is the only dimension where there are systematic differences between the biological genders in how they answer. The difference is correlated with two factors; age (older people tend to score more on the feminine side) and how masculine the country is overall (in feminine cultures both genders tend to score equally, whereas men score much higher than women in masculine cultures) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). Masculinity is represented by the high end of the scale. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were Japan (95), Austria (79) and Venezuela (73) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Sweden (5), Norway (8) and the Netherlands (14). (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, pp. 120-121). Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Uncertainty Avoidance is the degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. This feeling leads them to beliefs promising certainty and to maintaining institutions protecting conformity. Strong Uncertainty Avoidance societies maintain rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are intolerant towards deviant persons and ideas. They try to minimize the possibility of unstructured situations (situations that are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual) by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; there can only be one Truth and we have it. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. Weak Uncertainty Avoidance societies maintain a more relaxed atmosphere in which practice counts more than principles and deviance is more easily tolerated. They are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions The UAI deals with how people within a given culture handle anxiety. It needs to be stressed that UAI is not the same as risk avoidance risk is focused on something specific whereas UAI deals with the unspecific general. The definition of UAI is â€Å"the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations† (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 167). The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is how a society reacts on the fact that time only runs one way and that the future is unknown: whether it tries to control the future or to let it happen. Like Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance has consequences for the way people build their institutions and organizations. Typical of countries with high UAI is a need for written and unwritten rules. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were Greece (112), Portugal (104) and Guatemala (101) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Singapore (8), Jamaica (13) and Denmark (23) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus Short-Term Orientation This fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars. It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting ones face. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B. C. ; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage. The dimension was defined by Hofstede as:â€Å" Long-term orientation (LTO) stands for the fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, short-term orientation, stands for, the fostering of virtues related to the past and present in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of â€Å"face†, and fulfilling social obligations. † Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 210 Cultures that score high on LTO tend to have so called Confucian values and not surprisingly the three highest scoring countries in the Bond-Hofstede study were China (118), Hong Kong (96) and Taiwan (87). The lowest scoring countries were Pakistan (0), Nigeria (16) and the Philippines (19) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). The case of Euro Disney Its first of Walt Disneys theme park, Disneyland, opened in Anaheim, California, in 1955. The Anaheim Park was an instantaneous success. The success story repeated itself with the opening of the theme park in Florida in 1970s, and with Tokyo Disneyland in Japan in 1983. Japans success made the corporates believe that they knew everything about opening a theme park in another country and making it a success. So, in 1992, they turned to Paris, the self-proclaimed capital of European high culture and style. Paris was chosen out of 200 locations around the world because of its demographics and the subsidies Walt Disney was offered by the French government. The Greater Paris area  was a high-density population zone (over 10 million) with people who had a relatively high level of disposable income. It also has the ability to attract substantial number of tourists. There was sufficient land available to meet the demand of the park and necessary supply of water and electricity was economical. The French government was very enthusiastic about getting Disney to Paris because they believed that the project would create 30,000 French jobs. They also gave the company more than $1 billion in various incentives. The Walt Disney had tasted nothing but success until 1992. From its very inception, Euro-Disney faced a number of problems. First was the allegation that Euro-Disney was an assault on the French culture. The cause: lack of cultural sensitivity. People looked at it as a symbol of American clichà ©s. The French framers even blocked the entrance with their tractors on the day of its opening. It was evident that the human resource department had done everything possible to ignore the aspects of cultural awareness and had misunderstood the French laws. They overlooked the traditions and habits of the French people when strategizing the park and how it would operate. The ethnocentric recruiting practice was one of their biggest mistakes. If a company follows ethnocentric hiring practices, the employees of a multinational company who are from the home country will be given preference. Following this, Euro-Disney filled all important positions with employees from the home America. The chairman of Euro Disney was an American who was said to have strong ties with France. What they did not realize was the fact that because he had strong ties with France did not mean he thought like the French. Because of this, they went on to implement Euro-Disney without much consideration to local culture. They filed to credit the local employees for their contribution to the initial planning process. Recognizing performance is the basis for building an affinity to the workplace and a sense of belonging. When operating in a culturally different environment, it is important that a company ‘act globally, but think locally. This was Disneys biggest mistake. They refused to acknowledge the fact that Europe and USA were both ‘Western cultures, but starkly different in their cultures. The theme parks in America did not serve any alcohol, but for the French, serving a glass of wine with lunch was a given. While the French culture is feminine in nature, the American is Masculine. Disney assumed that Europeans would not take breakfast and so they downsized the operation, but surprisingly Europeans did want breakfast. More surprising was the fact that did not want the typical French breakfast. They wanted bacon and eggs! Another big problem was the while Disney was successful in hitting the planned 9 million visitors a year mark, the visitors didnt stay for as long as expected. Most stayed for a day or two as opposed to the four to five days that Disney had hoped for. Europeans thought of theme parks as a full day excursion and not as a weekend destination. The company had spent billions of dollars building the luxurious hotels but because people opted for day excursions, the occupancy levels at the hotels were always low. Because of this, Euro-Disneyland had cumulative losses of $2 billion at the end of 1994[1]. Almost everything that Walt Disney had projected for Euro-Disney was the complete opposite of the reality in Europe. A puzzle of errors: miscalculating everything! Here are the factors that led to the downfall of Euro-Disney from the very start. I have discussed these in detail as we move further into the dissertation. Still beset by high costs and low attendances, Euro Disney will find it hard to hit its target of breakeven by the end of September 1996. Costs in the year were reduced by FF 500m by introducing more flexible labour agreements (more part-timers, increased job sharing and the use of more students in the peak season) as well as outsourcing contracts in the hotel operation. But the company admits that the lions share of cost reductions has now been realized. Now it hopes attendances are rising. . . Getting people to spend more once they are at the park might be more difficult. Euro Disney is pinning its hopes on economic recovery in Europe. Itll have to start paying interest, management fees and royalties again in five years time. Management will not say whether itll be able to cope then. 1 â€Å"Euro Disney,† Financial Times Lex column, 30 October 1996(14ED) 1. Miscalculation of drinking habits. Misunderstanding French drinking habits was a serious problem faced by Euro Disney. The management decided to continue with their policy of not serving alcohol in their theme park. Though it worked well in other places but the same did not hold true for Euro Disney. It rather proved to be disastrous because a French meal is incomplete without a wine. Wine is an essential part of the French Culture and is famous all over the world. This miscalculation became a cause of astonishment and consequently the company had to change its policy and serve alcohol. 2. Misunderstanding of breakfast and food norms. Disneys fault of ignoring the cultural differences in food made them commit another blunder. Disney believed that like Americans French would also prefer snacks and hence they downsized their restaurants. This proved to be a wrong decision because French preferred to sit down and eat complete meals rather than carrying away snacks in their hand like Americans. In fact, the data shows that they were trying to serve 2,500 breakfasts in a 350-seat restaurant at some of the hotels. Further, guests wanted bacon and eggs rather than just coffee and croissants (Burgoyne, 1995). This difference between the companys thinking and the actual French culture lead to long lines in front of the restaurants and on top of it when French were denied wine it complicated the matter even further and on the whole French did not have a pleasant â€Å"Disney experience†. 3. Misunderstanding of vacation habits. The Walt Disneys thinking of Americanize European habits put them into another trouble. The company miscalculated the vacation time because the Europeans preferred few longer holidays in comparison with the Americans who took several short breaks. So the companys theory of Americanizing brought loss to them. 4. Miscalculation of per-capita spending. Insufficient market research lead to miscalculation of the per capita spending by the visitors at the park. While the Americans and Japanese who never left the park empty handed, the Europeans did. The European visitors wanted to spend more time on the rides rather than shopping for food and souvenirs which resulted in lower expected revenue. As a matter of Fact spending was about 12% less than predicted. [ ] 5. Miscalculation of transportation preferences. There was a big miscalculation in the transport preferences which was again due to the non- understanding of the differences in the American and the European culture. While availability of boats, trams and trains proved to be beneficial  to carry visitors in America from their hotels to the park but with the Europeans this was not the case. Most of the Europeans preferred to walk . Also, as per the calculation it was assumed that most of the Europeans would travel by their own vehicles and hence a lot of parking space was allotted for the cars. Whereas most of the Europeans came by buses and bicycles and the facilities for the bus drivers to park their buses and the rest came out be inadequate and as a result the company was forced to reduce the space for parking lots and provide more space for the buses and the bicycles. 6. Misunderstanding of French labor laws. 7. Violation of French labor law. 8. Miscalculation of risk factor 9. Incorrect global staffing policies and hr orientations :Ethnocentric and polycentric 2. Misunderstanding French traditions and habits: celebrating Halloween instead of French festivals. 3. Nationalistic sentiments of  French people: Change in name from Euro Disney to Disneyland Paris 4. Staffing and training problems 5. Rigid Disney dress code 6. Operational errors 7. Labour costs 8. Labour disputes 9. communication problems 10. cultural operational issues Power distance  · Incorrect global staffing policies and hr orientations: Ethnocentric and polycentric The French were confused when Disney appointed mostly American-born managers into the front-line supervisory positions at Euro Disneyland many of whom were not fluent in the French language. Individualism  · Rigid Disney dress code  · threatening highly individualistic French cultural traditions Individualism is the cultural dimension that measures to what extent people to look after themselves and their immediate family members only Americas individualism score of 91 is the highest in the world. Frances score of 71 is also high, 65% more than t Disney Corporation Losses EuroDisney Paris Disney Corporation Losses EuroDisney Paris Cultural Euro Disney The word ‘management originated in America and ever since assumptions have been made about the universal acceptability and success of their business practices. There are a number of international ventures which have failed miserably due to Americans not considering the cultural aspects when entering into business in a new country. Euro Disney is a perfect example of the failure of American business processes in another country. The primary aim of this article is to explain how Euro Disney suffered the costs of cultural miscalculations. Geert Hofstedes work on culture has served as the theoretical basis of this article. His dimensions of culture have been used to explain differences in American and French cultures the problems that occurred at Euro Disney. American businesses make assumptions about the transferability of their business, management, marketing, economic and structural models of organizing which frequently fail to take into consideration cultural differences. An example of the consequences of such an approach to intercultural business practice can be found in the Disney Corporations recent European venture, now called Disneyland, Paris. Lack of cultural sensitivity and the negative infiltration strategy used by the Disney Corporation resulted in a great loss of time, money and reputation for which the corporation has only recently begun to compensate. It is the primary thesis of this article that the initial losses experienced by the Disney Corporation may have been prevented if only its representatives had known then what they know now: simply put, that organizations are not distinct, separate entities capable of functioning outside their physical, social and cultural environments. That insight, of course, calls for a different approach to international business, one which begins with the most basic aspect of human organizations, namely effective, meaningful, communicative interactions between people. As international business is becoming critically important in this world of globalization, so is the need to understand cultures, cross cultural psychology and people across nations. There is a lot of focus on cultural studies and plenty of research is done in this area. Yet, there is a lot of scope for further studies due to the gaps in the research. Today there are several models which help understand how people from different nations are expected to act; the one by Geert Hofstede has become the most influential (Hong, Zhang Stump 2007, p. 60) The cultural dimensions by Geert Hofstede have served as the specific theoretical framework for this study. Although there are many criticisms to the Hofsteds model and his dimensions yet there is no other study that compares so many other national cultures in so much detail. Simply this is the best there is. (Mead chapter 2: pg 51) With the advancements in communication and technology, the physical distance between countries is diminishing (Angur et al. , 1994; Jandt, 1995; Samovar and Potter, 1995). This physical distance is not the only thing that needs to be bridged in order to when practicing international commerce. Hofstedes dimensions reflect a nations value system. From further reading into this dissertation have tried to show how American business management tends to assume that they have the best business people that lead to them having the best business practices. While they may work very successfully in their or cultural setting, they do not work across borders. Importance of the study: Scope of the study: Why did you choose this topic? There are many studies that have been conducted in the area of cross cultural psychology, but none that have tried to connect the problems faced at Euro-Disney to Hofstedes dimensions. These dimensions have served as the specific theoretical framework for this study. Purpose, what are we trying to do These dimensions reflect a nations value system. Power distance and Uncertainty Avoidance affects how an organization is structured and how it functions. The two main problems that an organization can face are How to distribute power, and How to avoid uncertainty. Through this research, have tried to show how these two factors were taken for granted at Euro Disney. Furthermore, this research aims at studying the implications of the four dimensions on the working of MNCs and How will it help others and how can they use it for further research My work is a sincere effort to contribute to cultural literature. I hope it proves to be beneficial for further research studies. Overview of the study: Chapter 3 (Case of Euro Disney): This chapter describes all the stages of the research process in carrying out the present study. In particular this chapter gives a clear definition of the research method employed including sampling and data analysis. Chapter 2 (Literature review): This chapter will begin by outlining the existing literature on the concepts of brands, brand image, private brands and consumers perceptions toward private brands. Also in an attempt to meet the main research objective, the other areas (sub-objectives of this research study) such as  consumers attitudes preferences, brand loyalty, brand awareness toward private brands and positioning strategies of private brands have been rigorously discussed, which will provide full support to this research study. Chapter 4 (Discussion): This chapter discusses the results of the research, in particular, presenting statements made by informants with regards to themes that emerged from the transcripts. The chapter ends with a summary taking into account the exploratory nature of the research, and the importance of insight. Chapter 5 (Conclusion Recommendations): This chapter deals the conclusion of the present research study. It will be presented in light of research findings from Chapter 4. By referring to existing literature the discussion will highlight major findings in conjunction to identity development. At the end of the chapter, recommendations for further research will be given. Literature Review As Americans, the word â€Å"Euro† is believed to mean glamorous or exciting. For  Europeans it turned out to be a term they associated with business, currency, and  commerce. Renaming the park â€Å"Disneyland Paris† was a way of identifying it with one of the most romantic and exciting cities in the world (Eisner). Culture 500-700 Layers of culture 200 Cultural studies Cross cultural management 500-600 Importance of hrm in a cross cultural context International Business and importance of CCM Importance of culture in a international context 500 Theoretical background : Hofstedes diemsions of culture 1300 Case 1100 Reasons 1000 Discussion :using hotsedes dimensions explaining differences cross continents and cultures 2000 Conclusion 600-700 limitations of the study, limitations of hofsteds model American business leaders often assume that physical distance is the only gulf that needs to be bridged in international commerce. (473 pg1. last line) As a matter of fact bridging this gap is just one of the steps in international business. It is much more complicated and a number of factors need to be kept in mind. According to Adler (1986:13)in 473 it is the lack of academic interrogations by cultural scholars that has lead to ‘American parochialism Culture Culture is an umbrella word that encompasses a whole set of implicit, widely shared beliefs, traditions, values and expectations that characterize a particular group of people(Consumer behaviour in travel and tourism By Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld, p393). There are as many definitions of culture as there are people who have tried to define it. While some phrase it in terms of ‘metal programs others define it as the characteristics a person possesses. Hofstede (1994) defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (p. 180). While according to Kroeber and Parsons, culture is transmitted and created content and patterns of values, ideas and other symbolically meaningful systems as factor in the shaping of human behaviour and the artifacts produced through behaviour(pdf 473 page 2) According to Schein culture is ‘A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. Organizational Culture Leadership by Edgar H Schein October 1996. According to Schein Culture exists at three levels, artifacts, exposed values and basic assumptions. Pizam (1993) also believes that there are levels of culture in the society. Firms and organizations are a part of the society/system and thus culture has an impact on them. Pizam argues that organizations are culture-bound, rather than being culture-free (Pizam, 1993: p. 219)-MMp2 Today there is growing importance of culture in cross border interactions. The role of human resources is very crucial as well. Effective human resource decisions and cultural sensitivity form two pillars for the success of an international business venture. The phrase ‘Cross cultural management was first coined by †¦in the year†¦. There are examples of companies who failed due to HRs ignorance and cultural miscalculations. Theoretical background:- Hofstedes Dimensions Cultural dimensions by halls,trompenars, hofstedes, globe study. Although there are many criticisms to the Hofsteds model and his dimensions yet there is no other study that compares so many other national cultures in so much detail . Simply this is the best there is. ( Mead chapter 2: pg 51) As international business is becoming critically important in this world of globalization, so is the need to understand cultures and people across nations. There is a lot of focus on cultural studies and plenty of research is done in this area still there is a lot of scope for further studies due to gaps in research. Today there are several models which help understand how people from different nations are expected to act, the one by Geert Hofstede has become the most influential (Hong, Zhang Stump 2007, p. 60) Hofstedes Dimensions of national culture- Power Distance Index (PDI): Large versus Small power distance The basis for this dimension is the fact that inequality exists at all levels and areas of the society. Inequality exists in areas such as wealth, social status, power and prestige. The word ‘power distance is taken from the work of Mulder (Reference hofstede p71). According to Mulders Power Distance Reduction theory, subordinated try to reduce the gap in power between them and their superiors. On the other hand the superiors try to maintain or increase the power distance. The PDI norm deals with the desirability or undesirability of dependence versus independence in society (Hofstede p. 93). Power distance is described as the degree to which there is unequal distribution of power in a society. This is accepted by the members of a society, organizations and nations which are less or more powerful. Behaviour of members of such institution is affected by the degree of power they posses. A high power distance index is characterized by hierarchical orders, close supervision, autocratic decision making and unequal distribution of power. Everybody has a place in the system which needs no clarification or justification. According to Hofstedes dimensions, Malaysia has the highest score on power distance (104) thus implying that the management would use a top-down information flow and there would be autocratic and paternalistic decision making. In a low PDI society, subordinates with the senior management together make decisions and have strong work ethics. It is characterised by equal distribution of power. Sweden is low on PDI (31)Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV) It deals with how members of a society view themselves compared to the rest of the society and is measured from completely collective (0) to completely individualistic (100). Individualism stands for a preference for a loosely knit social framework in society wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate families only. Collectivism, on the other hand, stands for a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals can expect their relatives, clan, or other in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty (it will be clear that the word collectivism is not used here to describe any particular political system). Hofstedes own definition is:Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between the individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Collectivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which throughout peoples lifetimes continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. † Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 76 The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among individuals: an extremely fundamental issue, regarding all societies in the world. It relates to peoples self-concept: T or we Thus, typical traits of countries scoring high on individualism is a frequent use of the word I (in comparison to emitting it, like in Spanish), tendency to live in small households and the expectation on people to have personal opinions on most matters. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were USA (91), Australia (90) and Great Britain (89) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Guatemala (6), Ecuador (8) and Panama (11) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, pp. 78-79). Masculinity (MAS) versus Femininity Masculinity stands for a preference in society for achievement, heroism,assertiveness, and material success. Its opposite, Femininity, stands for a preference for relationships, modesty, caring for the weak, and the quality of life. Hofstedes definition goes as follows; â€Å"A society is called masculine when emotional gender roles are clearly distinct: men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. A society is called feminine when emotional gender roles overlap; both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. †Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 120 Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS) is somewhat unluckily named, since the name tends to give people associations with highly political matters although the dimension doesnt deal with those. A better name might have been Gender role stability, since this is what the dimension actually deals with. This fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the way in which a society allocates social (as opposed to biological) roles to the sexes. Some societies strive for maximum social differentiation between the sexes. The norm is then that men are given the more outgoing, assertive roles and women the caring, nurturing roles. As in all societies most institutions are populated by men. Such maximum-social-differentiation societies will permeate their institutions with an assertive mentality. Such societies become performance societies evident even from the values of their women. these societies are referred to as masculine. (In the English language, male and female are used for the biological distinctions between the sexes; masculine and feminine for the social distinction. A man can be feminine, but he cannot be female. ) Other societies strive for minimal social differentiation between the sexes. This means that some women can take assertive roles if they want to but especially that some men can take relationship-oriented, modest, caring roles if they want to. Even in these societies, most institutions are populated by men (maybe slightly less than in masculine societies). The minimum-social-differentiation societies in comparison with their opposite, the maximum-social-differentiation societies, will permeate their institutions with a caring, quality-of-life orientated mentality. Such societies become welfare societies in which caring for all members, even the weakest, is an important goat for men as well as women. such societies are referred to as feminine. Masculine and feminine are relative qualifications: they express the relative frequency of values which in principle are present in both types of societies. The fact that even modern societies can be differentiated on the basis of the way they allocate their social sex role is not surprising in the light of anthropological research on non-literate, traditional societies in which the social sex role allocation is always one of the essential variables. Like the Individualism-Collectivism dimension, the Masculinity-Femininity dimension relates to peoples self-concept: who am l and what is my task in life? MAS is the only dimension where there are systematic differences between the biological genders in how they answer. The difference is correlated with two factors; age (older people tend to score more on the feminine side) and how masculine the country is overall (in feminine cultures both genders tend to score equally, whereas men score much higher than women in masculine cultures) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). Masculinity is represented by the high end of the scale. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were Japan (95), Austria (79) and Venezuela (73) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Sweden (5), Norway (8) and the Netherlands (14). (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, pp. 120-121). Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Uncertainty Avoidance is the degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. This feeling leads them to beliefs promising certainty and to maintaining institutions protecting conformity. Strong Uncertainty Avoidance societies maintain rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are intolerant towards deviant persons and ideas. They try to minimize the possibility of unstructured situations (situations that are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual) by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; there can only be one Truth and we have it. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. Weak Uncertainty Avoidance societies maintain a more relaxed atmosphere in which practice counts more than principles and deviance is more easily tolerated. They are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions The UAI deals with how people within a given culture handle anxiety. It needs to be stressed that UAI is not the same as risk avoidance risk is focused on something specific whereas UAI deals with the unspecific general. The definition of UAI is â€Å"the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations† (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 167). The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is how a society reacts on the fact that time only runs one way and that the future is unknown: whether it tries to control the future or to let it happen. Like Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance has consequences for the way people build their institutions and organizations. Typical of countries with high UAI is a need for written and unwritten rules. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were Greece (112), Portugal (104) and Guatemala (101) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Singapore (8), Jamaica (13) and Denmark (23) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus Short-Term Orientation This fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars. It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting ones face. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B. C. ; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage. The dimension was defined by Hofstede as:â€Å" Long-term orientation (LTO) stands for the fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, short-term orientation, stands for, the fostering of virtues related to the past and present in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of â€Å"face†, and fulfilling social obligations. † Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 210 Cultures that score high on LTO tend to have so called Confucian values and not surprisingly the three highest scoring countries in the Bond-Hofstede study were China (118), Hong Kong (96) and Taiwan (87). The lowest scoring countries were Pakistan (0), Nigeria (16) and the Philippines (19) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). The case of Euro Disney Its first of Walt Disneys theme park, Disneyland, opened in Anaheim, California, in 1955. The Anaheim Park was an instantaneous success. The success story repeated itself with the opening of the theme park in Florida in 1970s, and with Tokyo Disneyland in Japan in 1983. Japans success made the corporates believe that they knew everything about opening a theme park in another country and making it a success. So, in 1992, they turned to Paris, the self-proclaimed capital of European high culture and style. Paris was chosen out of 200 locations around the world because of its demographics and the subsidies Walt Disney was offered by the French government. The Greater Paris area  was a high-density population zone (over 10 million) with people who had a relatively high level of disposable income. It also has the ability to attract substantial number of tourists. There was sufficient land available to meet the demand of the park and necessary supply of water and electricity was economical. The French government was very enthusiastic about getting Disney to Paris because they believed that the project would create 30,000 French jobs. They also gave the company more than $1 billion in various incentives. The Walt Disney had tasted nothing but success until 1992. From its very inception, Euro-Disney faced a number of problems. First was the allegation that Euro-Disney was an assault on the French culture. The cause: lack of cultural sensitivity. People looked at it as a symbol of American clichà ©s. The French framers even blocked the entrance with their tractors on the day of its opening. It was evident that the human resource department had done everything possible to ignore the aspects of cultural awareness and had misunderstood the French laws. They overlooked the traditions and habits of the French people when strategizing the park and how it would operate. The ethnocentric recruiting practice was one of their biggest mistakes. If a company follows ethnocentric hiring practices, the employees of a multinational company who are from the home country will be given preference. Following this, Euro-Disney filled all important positions with employees from the home America. The chairman of Euro Disney was an American who was said to have strong ties with France. What they did not realize was the fact that because he had strong ties with France did not mean he thought like the French. Because of this, they went on to implement Euro-Disney without much consideration to local culture. They filed to credit the local employees for their contribution to the initial planning process. Recognizing performance is the basis for building an affinity to the workplace and a sense of belonging. When operating in a culturally different environment, it is important that a company ‘act globally, but think locally. This was Disneys biggest mistake. They refused to acknowledge the fact that Europe and USA were both ‘Western cultures, but starkly different in their cultures. The theme parks in America did not serve any alcohol, but for the French, serving a glass of wine with lunch was a given. While the French culture is feminine in nature, the American is Masculine. Disney assumed that Europeans would not take breakfast and so they downsized the operation, but surprisingly Europeans did want breakfast. More surprising was the fact that did not want the typical French breakfast. They wanted bacon and eggs! Another big problem was the while Disney was successful in hitting the planned 9 million visitors a year mark, the visitors didnt stay for as long as expected. Most stayed for a day or two as opposed to the four to five days that Disney had hoped for. Europeans thought of theme parks as a full day excursion and not as a weekend destination. The company had spent billions of dollars building the luxurious hotels but because people opted for day excursions, the occupancy levels at the hotels were always low. Because of this, Euro-Disneyland had cumulative losses of $2 billion at the end of 1994[1]. Almost everything that Walt Disney had projected for Euro-Disney was the complete opposite of the reality in Europe. A puzzle of errors: miscalculating everything! Here are the factors that led to the downfall of Euro-Disney from the very start. I have discussed these in detail as we move further into the dissertation. Still beset by high costs and low attendances, Euro Disney will find it hard to hit its target of breakeven by the end of September 1996. Costs in the year were reduced by FF 500m by introducing more flexible labour agreements (more part-timers, increased job sharing and the use of more students in the peak season) as well as outsourcing contracts in the hotel operation. But the company admits that the lions share of cost reductions has now been realized. Now it hopes attendances are rising. . . Getting people to spend more once they are at the park might be more difficult. Euro Disney is pinning its hopes on economic recovery in Europe. Itll have to start paying interest, management fees and royalties again in five years time. Management will not say whether itll be able to cope then. 1 â€Å"Euro Disney,† Financial Times Lex column, 30 October 1996(14ED) 1. Miscalculation of drinking habits. Misunderstanding French drinking habits was a serious problem faced by Euro Disney. The management decided to continue with their policy of not serving alcohol in their theme park. Though it worked well in other places but the same did not hold true for Euro Disney. It rather proved to be disastrous because a French meal is incomplete without a wine. Wine is an essential part of the French Culture and is famous all over the world. This miscalculation became a cause of astonishment and consequently the company had to change its policy and serve alcohol. 2. Misunderstanding of breakfast and food norms. Disneys fault of ignoring the cultural differences in food made them commit another blunder. Disney believed that like Americans French would also prefer snacks and hence they downsized their restaurants. This proved to be a wrong decision because French preferred to sit down and eat complete meals rather than carrying away snacks in their hand like Americans. In fact, the data shows that they were trying to serve 2,500 breakfasts in a 350-seat restaurant at some of the hotels. Further, guests wanted bacon and eggs rather than just coffee and croissants (Burgoyne, 1995). This difference between the companys thinking and the actual French culture lead to long lines in front of the restaurants and on top of it when French were denied wine it complicated the matter even further and on the whole French did not have a pleasant â€Å"Disney experience†. 3. Misunderstanding of vacation habits. The Walt Disneys thinking of Americanize European habits put them into another trouble. The company miscalculated the vacation time because the Europeans preferred few longer holidays in comparison with the Americans who took several short breaks. So the companys theory of Americanizing brought loss to them. 4. Miscalculation of per-capita spending. Insufficient market research lead to miscalculation of the per capita spending by the visitors at the park. While the Americans and Japanese who never left the park empty handed, the Europeans did. The European visitors wanted to spend more time on the rides rather than shopping for food and souvenirs which resulted in lower expected revenue. As a matter of Fact spending was about 12% less than predicted. [ ] 5. Miscalculation of transportation preferences. There was a big miscalculation in the transport preferences which was again due to the non- understanding of the differences in the American and the European culture. While availability of boats, trams and trains proved to be beneficial  to carry visitors in America from their hotels to the park but with the Europeans this was not the case. Most of the Europeans preferred to walk . Also, as per the calculation it was assumed that most of the Europeans would travel by their own vehicles and hence a lot of parking space was allotted for the cars. Whereas most of the Europeans came by buses and bicycles and the facilities for the bus drivers to park their buses and the rest came out be inadequate and as a result the company was forced to reduce the space for parking lots and provide more space for the buses and the bicycles. 6. Misunderstanding of French labor laws. 7. Violation of French labor law. 8. Miscalculation of risk factor 9. Incorrect global staffing policies and hr orientations :Ethnocentric and polycentric 2. Misunderstanding French traditions and habits: celebrating Halloween instead of French festivals. 3. Nationalistic sentiments of  French people: Change in name from Euro Disney to Disneyland Paris 4. Staffing and training problems 5. Rigid Disney dress code 6. Operational errors 7. Labour costs 8. Labour disputes 9. communication problems 10. cultural operational issues Power distance  · Incorrect global staffing policies and hr orientations: Ethnocentric and polycentric The French were confused when Disney appointed mostly American-born managers into the front-line supervisory positions at Euro Disneyland many of whom were not fluent in the French language. Individualism  · Rigid Disney dress code  · threatening highly individualistic French cultural traditions Individualism is the cultural dimension that measures to what extent people to look after themselves and their immediate family members only Americas individualism score of 91 is the highest in the world. Frances score of 71 is also high, 65% more than t