Getting to Know Cagayan Essay

I. Description Cagayan is a province of the Philippines in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital is Tuguegarao City and is located at the northeastern corner of the island of Luzon. Cagayan also includes the Babuyan Islands to the north. The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga and Isabela to the south. Cagayan is part of one of the largest valleys in the Philippines formed by the majestic Sierra Madre and Cordillera mountain ranges. It is traversed by the mighty 330-km long Cagayan River and its various tributaries. The province could have gotten its name from the Ilocano word carayan or â€Å"big river,† referring to the Rio Grande De Cagayan, the longest river in the country, which bisects its valley from north to south. Or it could have been derived from the tagay trees (tall hardwood) that grew along the river banks. It is possible that the area was called Catagayan, meaning â€Å"where the tagay abounds.† The earliest inhabitants were the Aetas, short dark-skinned nomads belonging to the Negrito family. They were followed by Indo-Malay immigrants who came to be known as Ybanags The majority of people living in Cagayan are of Ilocano descent, mostly from migrants coming from the Ilocos Region. Originally, the more numerous group were the Ybanags, who were first sighted by the Spanish explorers and converted to Christianity by missionaries. This is why the Ibanag language spread throughout the area prior to the arrival of Ilocanos. II. Culture, Way of Life, Values, Religion and Beliefs Cagayan is a very ancient civilization. It has its distinct, rich and diverse culture. Commerce and trade was practiced by its inhabitants and has flourished with the Japanese, Chinese and other neighbor Asian countries even before the Spanish colonizers reached its shores. The province’s agricultural production is concentrated on two areas. The Cagayan River Delta produces rice, corn, vegetables, and rootcrops. The region near the boundary with Isabela contains a number of large tobacco plantations. Agricultural products also are of peanut, beans, and fruits. Livestock products include cattle, hogs, carabaos, and poultry. Fishing various species of fish from the coastal towns is also undertaken. Woodcraft furniture made of hardwood, rattan, bamboo, and other indigenous materials are also available in the province. The mountain ranges yield good hardwoods, as well as rattan and other forest products used in cottage industries. Fishing is a major industry in the coastal areas. Its ancientness is evidenced by the presence of centuries-old churches and other religious relics, archeological sites of nomadic tribes, and richness of its local language and culture. The oldest bell in the country, cast in 1592, still peals from the tower of the church in Camalaniugan. The old brick works in Tuguegarao lie inside the city and speak of a time when bricks were extensively used to build the beautiful churches of the Cagayan. Cagayan with its ancientness is still replete with adventure and excitement. It can flaunt its pristine natural beauty and endowment. It has breathtaking sceneries, beaches, and cavernous caves, thunderous falls, rapids, rivers, limestone mountains, thick and virgin forests, verdant valleys and many more. Also, it is a land of many opportunities having one of the largest fertile alluvial plains, grazing lands and fishing grounds (both marine and inland waters) in the Philippines and a continuous and sustainable supply of production materials. Multi-lingual, warm, gentle and amiable people await you in this remaining patch of tropical paradise in Northern Philippines. III. Land and Topography The province is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the east; on the south by Isabela province; on the west by the Cordillera Mountains; and on the north by the Balintang Channel and the Babuyan Group of Islands. About two kilometers from the northeastern tip of the province is the island of Palaui; a few kilometers to the west is Fuga Island. The Babuyan Group of Islands, which includes Calayan, Dalupiri, Camiguin, and Babuyan Claro, is about 60 nautical miles (110 km) north of Luzon mainland. The province comprises an aggregate land area of 9,002.70 square kilometers, which constitutes three percent of the total land area of the country, making it the second largest province in the region. Cagayan has 28 municipalities and one city divided into three congressional districts. It has 820 barangays. Tuguegarao City (as of December 18, 1999) is the provincial capital, regional seat, and center of business, trade, and education. It has a land area of 144.80 square kilometers and a population of 120,645 as of 2000. Seasons in the province are not very pronounced. Relatively dry season occurs during the months of March to June and rainy season from July to October, although it is relatively cold during the months of November to February. IV. What did you learn for this ethnic group and its relation for cultural anthropology Due to the influx of Ilokano migrants in the last century, majority of the people of Cagayan speak Iloko as their primary tongue. Aside from the Ilokanos, there are several smaller ethnic groups that live in the province. The Ybanags are the dominant ethnic group in the vicinity of the provincial capital of Cagayan-—Tuguegarao, now a city. The closely related Itawits inhabit the Pinacanauan River valley as well as areas of Amulung and Tuao. The Malawegs are found mainly in the municipality of Rizal . In the foothills and the mountains of the Sierra Madre Range , several Negrito groups called the Agtas forage and hunt for food. The established lingua franca of the province is Ybanag. The Ybanags, Itawits and Malawegs are mainly lowland farmers whose agricultural practices are similar to those of the Ilokanos. The Ybanags used to inhabit the area along the Cagayan coast but migrated further inland. They conducted trade with neighboring areas using distinctive sea crafts, and their commercial interests made their language the medium of commerce throughout the region before the influx of Ilokano migrants. They are also excellent blacksmiths and continue to make good bolos. The Ybanags are reputed to be the tallest of all the ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines The Itawits are almost indistinguishable from the Ybanags. They build their houses with separate kitchens, connected by a narrow walkway that is used as washing area for hands and feet. The Itawits are noted for their pottery and basket-weaving traditions.

Bear Debate essays

Bear Debate essays Hunting, to me, has always been the reason my dad disappeared on the weekends once the whether turned colder. I never paid much attention, nor did I ever really form a view on hunting itself. The men in my family are big on it, so I was always hearing the its in the thrill of the hunt comments; and to be perfectly honest, it must have been because I can only remember one time when the unshaven, plaid laden men didnt come home empty handed. It being the year 2004, its official that I can vote. Everyone who knows me could tell you Im not the politically sound type, so it was no shock that I wasnt all that keen on casting my votes in the upcoming elections. Whos ya papi? was echoing throughout Fenway Park. I was watching the Sox Pregame show on NESN with my family when it broke to a commercial. There appears a Maine black bear, howling due to it experiencing severe pain and anguish, as he is stuck helplessly in a trap. Alongside the trap is a large barrel of meat and human scraps that is intended to bait the bear to the area. Within seconds, men are shown on the screen, standing within feet from this occurrence; and instead of calling for help and trying to free the bear, a man calmly walks right up to the bear (close enough to touch him), pulls out a gun, and fires shots directly at the it. VOTE YES ON QUESTION #2 flashes on the screen to bring the commercial to an end. What a powerful message. I admit Im not overly informed on hunting and its laws, but what I saw seemed outrageous. There was no way that could be seen as anything other than wildlife abuse. Realizing the amount of propaganda that fills campaign ads, I decided to research the issue to ensure that Id make an informed opinion. I found one of the biggest debates within the topic of bear trapping to be that if we were to make it a crime and illegal, ...

Infectious Hepatitis Essay †Biology Research Paper (100 Level Course)

Infectious Hepatitis Essay – Biology Research Paper (100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Infectious Hepatitis Essay Biology Research Paper(100 Level Course) Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Inflammation usually produces swelling, tenderness, and sometimes permanent damage. Hepatitis is caused by a number of things including alcohol, drugs, chemicals, and viral infections. If the inflammation of the liver continues at least six months or longer, it is called chronic hepatitis. Currently there are at least five different viruses known to cause viral hepatitis: Viral Hepatitis A: Sometimes called Infectious Hepatitis. It is spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with human feces. This type of viral hepatitis is infrequently life-threatening. Viral Hepatitis B: Sometimes called Serum Hepatitis. It is spread from mother to child at birth or soon after, through sexual contact, contaminated blood transfusions and needles. This form of viral hepatitis may lead to cirrhosis, or scarring, of the liver. Viral Hepatitis C: Formerly known as non-A, non-B Hepatitis. This form of viral hepatitis is the most common. It can be spread through blood transfusions and contaminated needles. However, for a substantial number of patients, the cause is unknown. This form of viral hepatitis may lead to cirrhosis, or scarring, of the liver. Viral Hepatitis D: This form of viral hepatitis is found most often in IV drug users who are carriers of the hepatitis B virus. It is spread only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus and is transmitted in the same way. This type of viral hepatitis occurs in people who have viral hepatitis B, and is a serious health problem. Viral Hepatitis E: This form of viral hepatitis is similar to viral hepatitis A. It is found most often in people who live in countries with poor sanitation. It is rare in North America, and rarely life-threatening. Many cases of viral hepatitis are not diagnosed because the symptoms are vague and similar to a flu-like illness. Sometimes, there are no symptoms at all. Some individuals with viral hepatitis may develop fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, muscle and joint aches, and changes in the color of urine and stools. A few of the individuals with viral hepatitis may develop jaundice. Jaundice means that the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Itching of the skin may also occur with jaundice. Two vaccines (Havrix, Vaqta) are now available and both are very safe and effective for preventing hepatitis A. Several inactivated virus vaccines, including Recombivax HB, GenHevac B, Hepagene, and Engerix-B, can prevent hepatitis B and are safe, even for infants and children. A triple-antigen hepatitis B vaccine (Hepacare) is proving to be effective for people who do not respond to the standard vaccines. Vaccination programs are also proving to reduce the risk for liver cancer. A combination vaccine (Twinrix) that contains Engerix-B and Havrix, a hepatitis A vaccine, is now approved for people with risk factors for both hepatitis A and B. For mild cases of acute viral hepatitis, no drug therapy or other treatment is either available or necessary. Hospitalization is needed only for people at high risk for complications, such as pregnant women, elderly people, patients with other serious conditions, or those who have severe nausea and vomiting and need to have fluids administered intravenously. Although there are many vaccines to give out for hepatitis there is still no known cure. I. Medical Microbiology. 16 Mar. 2005 . II. The AGA. 16 Mar. 2005 . III. Reuters Health. 16 Mar 2005

Rujm el-Hiri (Golan Heights) - Ancient Observatory

Rujm el-Hiri (Golan Heights) - Ancient Observatory Sixteen kilometers east of the Sea of Galilee in the western part of the historic Bashan plain of the Golan Heights (a contested area claimed by both Syria and Israel) are the ruins of a most unusual structure, which scholars believe was built at least in part for archaeoastronomical purposes. Located at 515 meters above sea level, Rujm el-Hiri consists of a central cairn with a set of concentric rings encircling it. Built during the late Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age about 5000 years ago, Rujm el-Hiri (also called Rogem Hiri or Gilgal Rephaim) is made of an estimated 40,000 tons of uncut black volcanic basalt field stones piled and wedged into between five and nine concentric rings (depending on how you count them), with heights reaching to 1 to 2.5 meters (3-8 feet) high. Nine Rings at Rujm el-Hiri The outermost, largest ring (Wall 1) measures 145 meters (475 feet) east-west and 155 m (500 ft) north-south. The wall measures consistently between 3.2-3.3 m (10.5-10.8 ft) thick, and in places stands up to 2 m (6 ft) in height. Two openings into the ring are currently blocked by fallen boulders: the northeastern measures some 29 m (95 ft) wide; the southeastern opening measures 26 m (85 ft). Not all of the internal rings are complete; some of them are more oval than Wall 1, and in particularly, Wall 3 has a pronounced bulge to the south. Some of the rings are connected by a series of 36 spoke-like walls, which make up chambers, and seem to be randomly spaced. At the center of the innermost ring is a cairn protecting a burial; the cairn and burial come after the initial construction of the rings by perhaps as long as 1500 years. The cairn is an irregular stone heap measuring some 20-25 m (65-80 ft) in diameter and 4.5-5 m (15-16 ft) in height. Dating the Site Very few artifacts have been recovered from Rujm el-Hiri, and no suitable organic materials have been recovered for radiocarbon dating. Based on what little artifacts were recovered, the earliest constructions were the rings during the Early Bronze Age, of the 3rd millennium BC; the cairn was built during the late Bronze Age of the late 2nd millennium. The huge structure (and a series of dolmens nearby) may be the origin of the myths of the ancient race of giants, mentioned in the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian bible as led by Og, King of the Bashan. Archaeologists Yonathan Mizrachi and Anthony Aveni, studying the structure since the late 1980s, have another possible interpretation: a celestial observatory. Summer Solstice at Rujm el Hiri Recent work by Aveni and Mizrachi has noted that the entranceway to the center opens on sunrise of the summer solstice. Other notches in the walls indicate the spring and fall equinoxes. Excavations into the walled chambers did not recover artifacts indicating that the rooms were ever used either for storage or residence. Calculations of when the astronomical alignments would have matched stars supports the dating of the rings at having been built at about 3000 BC /- 250 years. The walls at Rujm el-Hiri seem to have pointed to star-risings for the period, and may have been predictors of the rainy season, a crucial bit of information for the sheep herders of the Bashan plain in 3000 BC. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Astronomical Observatories, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Aveni, Anthony and Yonathan Mizrachi 1998 The Geometry and Astronomy of Rujm el-Hiri, a Megalithic Site in the Southern Levant. Journal of Field Archaeology 25(4):475-496. Polcaro A, and Polcaro VF. 2009. Man and sky: problems and methods of Archaeoastronomy. Archeologia e Calcolatori 20:223-245. Neumann F, Schà ¶lzel C, Litt T, Hense A, and Stein M. 2007. Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Golan heights (Near East). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 16(4):329-346.

Electronic Publishing Marketing And Business Issues Essay

Electronic Publishing Marketing And Business Issues - Essay Example This essay stresses that for many years, academic libraries have seen an unprecedented increase in cost of journal subscriptions particularly in the science, technology, and medica publishing arena. Scholarly publishers and academic libraries are included in what is referred to as the â€Å"serial crisis†. The technological development added a new dimension to the crisis by providing both new solution and challenges. This report makes a conclusion that the marketplace for scholarly publishing has developed in a way that challenge libraries’ and publisher’s ability to acquire the works needed by their users. Rapidly rising journal subscription prices have made it difficult to purchase the publications necessary for research and education. Publishers of all types are exploring a range of new subscription models such as free online scholarly publishing, e-journals, hybrid paper-electronic journals, author posting to their own web sites, and self-archiving to institutional in response to the opportunities and challenges that have appeared. No one model has proven advantageous over the others. The future of scholarly publishers is hard to predict. Economic pressures and information technology progress lead to new look at the future for scholarly publishers. Developing effective, sustainable, quality and economically viable models is the key for successful future to scholarly publishers. It might be difficult to predict the future of electronic publishing, but it is possible to improve it.

Analyze Text from New Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze Text from New Testament - Essay Example Applied at a wider scale of religious purview, the troubles of life are often compared to the storms of a sea that can arrive without prior awareness and indicate certain doom. A storm represents various difficulties that individuals are facing in their daily life. In such a situation, the storm seems no less than an evil and its short but significant battle with Jesus portraying a ‘combat myth’, to that of the ‘cosmic battle’ between good and bad – God and Satan. Nonetheless, such situations help an individual to increase faith in God, which further indicates ‘dualism’ signifying both good and bad. Correspondingly, religious implications of this text are undoubtedly important in the life of any individual (Bible Gateway, 1989). The trip across the sea represents a classroom where Jesus teaches a lesson on faith to His disciples. Jesus suggests to His followers to move from one corner of the sea to the opposite shore. This particular text in Mark signifies the eternal emphasis of Christianity on the importance of Faith, especially when considering the cosmic battle of the Evil and the God. As per the religious belief persistent, Evil is always in an attempt to influence the followers of God and distract them from their devised path of rightness, morality and eternal peace. It is likely that evil shall win if the followers lack faith in God that He would protect them even if He were asleep with closed eyes and rested hands on a cushion. Followers need to believe that they are in safe hands, provided they offer themselves to the God with all their soul and have trust in Him. It is thus that Jesus said, â€Å"Why are you so afraid? Do you still have no faith† (Harland, 2006). The text also suffices another key belief of Christianity that evil can bear any face or identification. It is its intention to destruct what has been created by God, which can only help to identify the evil. Even in this text, Mark indicates Satan in the face of

Discuss methods for mitigating challenges encountered in the classroom Essay

Discuss methods for mitigating challenges encountered in the classroom given that some students are learning English as a second and third language - Essay Example speaking backgrounds at English schools (Candlin & Mercer, 2001). For recent arrivals, the educational experiences they have had in their country can play an important role in determining their success at school in England. The extent of formal schooling and the level reached previous to their migration will determine their familiarity with learning in an academic situation. Also, overseas- educated parents of English-born EAL students will have expectations of schooling shaped by their learning experiences (Lipjakova, 2003). Parental expectations will not necessarily match those of teachers in schools, and so there may by different attitudes towards discipline, curriculum content (including extra-curricular activities) as well as the nature and extent of parental involvement (Harding & Riley, 1986). The way in which the school responds to these differences will significantly affect both parent and learner attitudes to the school and ultimately the EAL students’ progress. Also , research indicates that competence in English is related to the level of competence in a learner’s first language: â€Å"Children with greater proficiency in L1 appear to learn L2 more easily† (Cummins, 1984, p. 136). In the past, EAL students were encouraged abandon their first language and to use English as much as possible. Today it is much more widely appreciated that well-developed proficiency in the first language is a positive advantage in learning a second language. It is also now seen that it is very important to maintain and develop the first language for a number of other crucial reasons, including the maintenance of family, peer and community relationships, as well as continued cognitive development and growth in self-esteem and identity of the individual EAL student. Hence, it is critical to recognise what knowledge is needed by ESL students, and what are the most effective strategies for meeting thee needs. A childs self-concept, their